AI 中文总结
该研究在DIII-D托卡马克搭建新平台，用两种方法使碳样品暴露于极端热通量，通过多种测量手段获取数据，模拟再现相关情况，确立了托卡马克等离子体为验证碳烧蚀模型等的高热通量环境。
AI 中文摘要
我们报告了在DIII-D国家聚变设施开发的一个新实验平台，用于研究与聚变面向等离子体部件和高焓大气进入相关的极端热通量下的碳烧蚀和散裂。使用两种互补方法使碳样品在刮离层中暴露于30 - 40MW·m⁻²的平行热通量：在偏滤器打击点附近插入固定碳棒，以及将慢速发射的碳颗粒垂直注入边缘和核心等离子体。颗粒穿透核心时经历的热通量大约高一个数量级。这些条件再现了伽利略探测器进入木星大气层时遇到的激波层环境的关键方面。通过多种测量手段获得了烧蚀率、表面凹陷和温度演变等数据。测量的质量损失率与半经验航空航天烧蚀模型相符，且楔形棒的烧蚀比圆柱形和凹形样品更大。UEDGE-DUSTT模拟再现了测量的颗粒轨迹和烧蚀时间尺度。这些结果确立了托卡马克等离子体作为验证碳烧蚀模型以及研究反应堆相关偏滤器等离子体中材料响应和杂质动力学的高热通量环境。
英文摘要
We report a new experimental platform developed at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility to investigate carbon ablation and spallation under extreme heat fluxes relevant to fusion plasma-facing components and high-enthalpy atmospheric entry. Carbon samples were exposed to parallel heat fluxes of $30$--$40~\mathrm{MW\,m^{-2}}$ in the scrape-off layer using two complementary approaches: stationary carbon rods inserted near the divertor strike point and slow-launch carbon pellets injected vertically into the edge and core plasma. Pellets penetrating the core experienced heat fluxes approximately an order of magnitude higher. The conditions reproduce key aspects of the shock-layer environment encountered by the Galileo probe during entry into Jupiter's atmosphere. Fast visible imaging, divertor spectroscopy, infrared thermography, CO$_2$ interferometry, and post-exposure profilometry provided measurements of ablation rates, surface recession, and temperature evolution. Measured mass-loss rates of $(1$--$3)\times10^{-2}~\mathrm{g\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$ agree with semi-empirical aerospace ablation models, while wedge-shaped rods exhibited greater ablation than cylindrical and concave samples. UEDGE-DUSTT simulations incorporating parallel plasma flows, ${\bf j}\times{\bf B}$ forces, and ablation-cloud shielding reproduce the measured pellet trajectories and ablation timescales. These results establish tokamak plasma as a high-heat-flux environment for validating carbon ablation models and studying material response and impurity dynamics in reactor-relevant divertor plasmas.
