AI 中文总结
研究宇宙中决定物理定律的基本常数和宇宙学参数需落在特定范围以支持生命等，通过假定多宇宙采样不同物理定律实现，考虑相关耦合常数、粒子质量和宇宙学参数，讨论恒星微调例子，指出不同参数宇宙有多样天体物理过程支持宜居。
AI 中文摘要
为使宇宙发展出天体物理结构并支持生命，决定物理定律的基本常数和规定宇宙属性的宇宙学参数必须落在一定取值范围内。本综述旨在划定这些范围。我们假定多个宇宙可存在并能对不同物理定律实现进行采样。重点关注决定基本力强度的耦合常数及构成原子物质的粒子质量，也考虑宇宙学参数。这些量受宇宙从核合成时代出现时具有可接受化学组成、长期存在并最终产生星系、恒星和行星等需求的约束。综述还讨论了恒星中可能微调的几个经典例子。最后指出，参数显著不同的宇宙，各种天体物理过程可产生能量、驱动核合成并可能支持宜居性。
英文摘要
(abridged) In order for the universe to develop astrophysical structures and support life, the fundamental constants that determine the laws of physics and the cosmological parameters that specify cosmic properties must fall within a range of values. The goal of this review is to delineate these ranges. We start with the premise that multiple universes can exist and can sample different realizations of the laws of physics. This treatment focuses on the coupling constants that determine the strength of the fundamental forces $(α,α_G,α_{\rm s},α_{\rm w})$ and the masses of the particles $(m_u,m_d,m_e)$ that make up atomic matter. We also consider cosmological parameters, including the energy density parameter $Ω$, the dark energy density $ρ_v$, the baryon-to-photon ratio $η$, the dark matter contribution $δ$, the amplitude $Q$ of primordial density fluctuations, and the number ${\cal D}$ of spatial dimensions. These quantities are constrained by the need for the universe to emerge from its epoch of nucleosynthesis with an acceptable chemical composition, live for a long time, and ultimately produce galaxies, stars, and planets. Stellar lifetimes must be long enough and surface temperatures must be high enough to support life. These requirements place constraints on the fundamental constants and cosmological parameters. This overview discusses several classic instances of possible fine-tuning in stars, including the triple alpha reaction, stable diprotons, and unstable deuterium. Finally, we note that for universes with significantly different parameters, a variety of astrophysical processes can generate energy, drive nucleosynthesis, and potentially support habitability.
Comments79 pages, 16 figures, to appear in the FQxI Foundational Review Series
