AI 中文总结
研究量子技术中热和能量流控制难题，介绍双极热电效应这一互易系统热电转换新进展，阐述其原理、条件，讨论实验观察与应用提议，还概述了近期发展和展望。
AI 中文摘要
量子技术越来越需要对其硬件组件以及它们运行的非平衡状态进行精确建模，其中管理热和能量流成为核心挑战。热电效应，即热梯度直接转换为电信号，提供了一种实现这种控制的途径。在本综述中，我们概述了双极热电效应，这是互易系统中热电转换的最新进展，在该系统中线性效应因对称性而被禁止。这种对称性产生双极热电信号，在固定温度梯度下产生的电压可以呈现两种极性。这相对于传统热电效应是一个重要的新奇之处，传统热电效应中载流子优势决定热电信号的符号。我们总结了其基本物理原理，展示了热电性如何作为对细致平衡的强烈违反而出现。然后概述了获得双极热电性的具体物理条件，其中具有不等能隙和抑制约瑟夫森耦合的两个超导体之间的隧道结是典型例子。之后，我们讨论了迄今为止该效应的实验观察以及不同应用的相关提议，包括易失性存储器和辐射检测。最后，我们简要概述了近期的发展和展望，从扩展到新平台到提出一种新型量子热电效应。
英文摘要
Quantum technologies increasingly require accurate modeling of their hardware components and of the non-equilibrium regimes in which they operate, where managing heat and energy flow becomes a central challenge. Thermoelectric effects, the direct conversion of a thermal gradient into electrical signals, offer one such route to this control. In this review, we present an overview of the bipolar thermoelectric effect, a recent development for thermoelectric conversion in reciprocal systems, where linear effects are forbidden by symmetry. This symmetry yields a bipolar thermoelectric signal, in which the generated voltage can exhibit both polarities at a fixed temperature gradient. This represents a non-trivial novelty relative to conventional thermoelectric effects, in which carrier dominance determines the sign of the thermoelectric signal. We summarize the underlying physical principles, showing how thermoelectricity emerges as a strong violation of detailed balance. Concrete physical conditions for obtaining bipolar thermoelectricity are then outlined, of which a tunnel junction between two superconductors with unequal energy gaps and suppressed Josephson coupling is the paradigmatic example. Afterward, we discuss the experimental observation of the effect to date and related proposals for different applications, including volatile memories and radiation detection. Finally, we briefly survey recent developments and outlooks, ranging from extensions to new platforms to a proposal for a novel quantum thermoelectric effect.
