AI 中文总结
欧洲背景下，随着海上风能扩张及传统发电机淘汰，HVDC-OWPPs对提供辅助服务需求渐长。本文综述其快速频率服务，涵盖相关要求和产品，讨论了包括响应能力有限等在实际实施中的关键技术差距与挑战。
AI 中文摘要
海上风能的迅速扩张对欧盟气候中和目标至关重要，高压直流连接的海上风电场（HVDC-OWPPs）对于远距离整合千兆瓦级可再生能源发电愈发重要。同时，传统同步发电机的淘汰以及可再生能源补贴的逐步取消，使得对HVDC-OWPPs提供辅助服务的需求不断增长。本文全面综述了欧洲背景下HVDC-OWPPs的快速频率服务，重点关注惯性支持、快速频率储备（FFR）和频率遏制储备（FCR）。涵盖了强制性电网规范要求和商业服务产品，讨论了实际实施中的关键技术差距和挑战，包括快速响应能力有限、堆叠优化复杂、惯性提供不对称以及HVDC-OWPP系统的整体协调等。
英文摘要
The rapid expansion of offshore wind energy is central to the European Union's climate-neutrality targets, with High Voltage Direct Current-connected offshore wind power plants (HVDC-OWPPs) becoming increasingly important for integrating gigawatt-scale renewable generation over long distances. Simultaneously, the phase-out of conventional synchronous generators, together with the gradual withdrawal of renewable-energy subsidies, are creating growing demand for ancillary service provision from HVDC-OWPPs as alternatives. This paper presents a comprehensive review of fast frequency services from HVDC-OWPPs in the European context, focusing on inertia support, fast frequency reserve (FFR), and frequency containment reserve (FCR). The review covers both mandatory grid-code requirements and commercial service products, including the latest developments from ENTSO-E, ACER, NESO, TenneT, and Energinet. Furthermore, the paper discusses the key technical gaps and challenges in the practical implementation of fast frequency services from HVDC-OWPPs, highlighting the limited fast response capacity, complexity of stacking optimization, asymmetric provision of inertia, and overall coordination of an HVDC-OWPP system.
