AI 中文总结
研究利用LIGO - Virgo - KAGRA第五次引力波瞬变目录数据，采用混合数据驱动和参数模型发现方法，揭示了双黑洞合并的四个亚群，其模型比标准模型优势显著，推动了恒星质量黑洞考古学研究。
AI 中文摘要
引力波数据开始揭示黑洞质量和自旋的结构化图景，表明多个形成过程正在通过观测得到解析。我们分析了LIGO - Virgo - KAGRA（LVK）的第五次引力波瞬变目录数据，发现该群体自然地由四个不同的亚群描述。占天体物理合并率约70%的主要成分，以低质量群体为特征，中心接近10太阳质量，在14太阳质量附近有一个空缺与较重系统分离，可能与超新星爆发失败形成的黑洞有关。在这个空缺之上，有两个中等质量成分：一个不等质量分支，将较低质量（约10太阳质量）的黑洞与较重黑洞配对，可能与孤立双星/稳定质量转移形成有关；一个近乎等质量分支，在30 - 35太阳质量附近达到峰值，其低自旋和质量分布有利于可能诞生于密集恒星环境的第一代系统。第四个百分比级别的成分延伸到更高质量，其特征是质量比分布广泛且自旋大小较大，与层次合并群体一致。我们的四成分模型比标准LVK群体模型有压倒性优势，自然对数贝叶斯因子为ln(BF)=19.2。我们的工作利用新的混合数据驱动和参数模型发现方法，通过观测揭示了黑洞合并的一个新亚群，使我们更接近理解恒星质量黑洞考古学。
英文摘要
Gravitational-wave data are beginning to reveal a structured landscape of black-hole masses and spins, suggesting multiple formation processes are now being resolved observationally. We analyze data from LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA's (LVK's) fifth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog and find that the population is naturally described by four distinct subpopulations. The dominant component, contributing $\simeq70\%$ of the astrophysical merger rate, is characterised by a low-mass population centred near $10M_\odot$ and is separated from heavier systems by a depletion near $14M_\odot$. This component may be associated with black holes formed from failed supernovae. Above this depletion, we find two intermediate-mass components: an unequal-mass branch pairing the lower-mass, $\simeq10M_\odot$ black hole with a heavier black hole, perhaps associated with isolated-binary/stable-mass-transfer formation, and a nearly equal-mass branch peaking near $30$--$35M_\odot$ whose low spins and mass distribution favour first-generation systems possibly born in dense stellar environments. A fourth, percent-level component extends to higher masses and is characterized by a broad mass-ratio distribution and large spin magnitudes, consistent with a hierarchical-merger population. Our four-component model is overwhelmingly preferred over a standard LVK population model by a natural-log Bayes factor of $\ln(\mathrm{BF}) = 19.2$. Our work observationally unveils a new subpopulation of black-hole mergers utilising a new hybrid data-driven and parametric-model discovery method, bringing us one step closer to understanding stellar-mass black-hole archaeology.
Comments17 pages, 5 figures
