哈勃张力：理论解释的简短综述
Hubble tension: a short review of theoretical explanations
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中文总结 AI 辅助
综述哈勃常数在宇宙微波背景测量与本地距离阶梯测定值间的差异问题，聚焦修正引力，探讨相关理论机制及早期、晚期机制，指出当前提议虽能降低张力但有代价，强调进展需统一似然性和多探针测试。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
Λ冷暗物质模型成功描述了广泛的宇宙学观测。然而，该模型中从宇宙微波背景测量推断出的哈勃常数与通过本地距离阶梯测定得到的值之间持续存在差异，这表明存在重大不一致。本简短综述考察了从引力场方程到复合前声视界以及晚期距离 - 红移关系的整个宇宙学推断链的理论响应。主要关注修正引力，并简要讨论可改变声学标尺、距离测量、结构增长或引力响应的早期和晚期机制。当前提议可降低名义张力，但常以宇宙微波背景光谱、标准标尺距离、引力透镜、结构增长或校准信息的相关偏移为代价。进一步进展需要统一似然性和多探针测试，在相同模型假设下关联所有关键可观测量。
英文摘要
The $Λ$ cold dark matter model successfully describes a wide range of cosmological observations. However, the persistent discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant inferred from cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements within this model and that obtained from local distance-ladder determinations points to a significant inconsistency. This short review examines theoretical responses across the cosmological inference chain, from the gravitational field equations to the pre-recombination sound horizon and the late-time distance-redshift relation. It discusses early-time and late-time mechanisms, as well as modified gravity, as ways to alter the acoustic ruler, distances, structure growth, or gravitational response. Current proposals can reduce the nominal tension, but often at the cost of correlated shifts in CMB spectra, standard-ruler distances, lensing, structure growth, or calibrator information. Further progress requires unified likelihoods and multi-probe tests linking all key observables under the same model assumptions.
