AI 中文总结
介绍用于AXIS卫星的高速FPGA读出系统，该系统对探测器CCD通道高速并行读出，经放大、数字化处理后通过以太网传输到后端，实现每秒20帧读出性能，为未来高通量X射线天文台提供框架。
AI 中文摘要
先进X射线成像卫星（AXIS）是一个探测器级任务概念，旨在实现角秒级空间分辨率以及0.3 - 10 keV波段的高灵敏度光谱成像。斯坦福大学的X射线天文学与观测宇宙学（XOC）小组与麻省理工学院卡夫利研究所（MKI）和麻省理工学院林肯实验室（MIT - LL）合作，正在开发AXIS X射线相机，包括探测器和前端读出电子设备。其焦平面探测器由MIT - LL开发的四个1440x1440像素电荷耦合器件（CCD）组成，每个有16个并行输出通道，通过斯坦福开发的多通道读出芯片（MCRC）放大，再数字化处理构建像素阵列。本文介绍了为实现这些CCD通道高速并行读出而开发的现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）架构，该FPGA以50 MHz采样16个模数转换器（ADC）通道，对像素数据预处理后通过1 Gb以太网链路经用户数据报协议（UDP）传输到后端系统进行事件重建。设计展示了AXIS目标读出性能（每秒20帧）并为未来高通量X射线天文台提供了框架。
英文摘要
The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) is a Probe-class mission concept designed to deliver arcsecond spatial resolution, high-sensitivity spectral imaging across the 0.3-10 keV band. The X-ray Astronomy and Observational Cosmology (XOC) Group at Stanford, in collaboration with the MIT Kavli Institute (MKI) and MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT-LL), is developing the AXIS X-ray camera, including both the detector and the front-end readout electronics required to meet the mission's demanding performance goals. The telescope's focal plane detector consists of four 1440x1440 pixel charge-coupled devices (CCDs) developed by MIT-LL, each featuring 16 parallel output channels. These outputs are amplified by a high-speed, low-power, low-noise application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) - the Multi-Channel Readout Chip (MCRC) - developed at Stanford. Following amplification, the analog signals are digitized and processed to construct a pixel array, prior to event detection. Here, we present the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture developed to enable high-speed, parallelized readout of these CCD channels. The FPGA samples 16 analog-to-digital converter (ADC) channels at 50 MHz, performs preprocessing of pixel data, which is then streamed via User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over a 1 Gb Ethernet link to the back-end system for event reconstruction. Our design demonstrates the goal readout performance for AXIS (20 frames per second) and provides a framework for future high-throughput X-ray observatories.
Comments6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026 proceedings
