在过冷的一阶相变之后宇宙会以物质为主导吗？
Can the universe be matter-dominated after a supercooled first-order phase transition?
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中文总结 AI 辅助
研究在过冷一阶相变后宇宙是否物质主导，通过晶格模拟发现状态方程受碰撞时壁的洛伦兹因子\(\gamma_\star\)控制，物质主导在特定条件后才开始，此延迟对引力波等有直接影响。
中文摘要 AI 辅助
我们表明答案通常是否定的，至少不会立即如此。气泡碰撞会留下一个具有持续相对论性梯度的高度不均匀标量场，从而产生物质与辐射之间的状态方程。通过在一、二、三维空间中的晶格模拟，我们发现状态方程由碰撞时壁的洛伦兹因子\(\gamma_\star\)控制：\(\gamma_\star\)较大的壁会填充更高动量模式并使流体更接近辐射。只有在这些模式红移至\(a/a_\star \simeq \gamma_\star\)之后，或者在通过自散射和数变过程使场热化之后，物质主导才开始。这种延迟对引力波、原初黑洞和暗物质产生有直接影响。
英文摘要
We show that the answer is generally no, at least not immediately. Bubble collisions leave behind a highly inhomogeneous scalar field with persistent relativistic gradients, producing an equation of state between matter and radiation. Using lattice simulations in one, two and three spatial dimensions, we find that the equation of state is controlled by the wall Lorentz factor at collision $γ_\star$: walls with larger $γ_\star$ populate higher-momentum modes and drive the fluid closer to radiation. Matter domination begins only after these modes redshift, at $a/a_\star \simeq γ_\star$, or after the field thermalises through self-scattering and number-changing processes. This delay has direct implications for gravitational waves, primordial black holes and dark matter production.
