AI 中文总结
研究反馈控制的非平衡热力学问题，通过推导涨落关系解决麦克斯韦妖在实际应用中相空间假设不成立的问题，核心量是不可用信息，有限分辨率西拉德引擎验证结果，揭示高分辨率下信息与功的关系。
AI 中文摘要
麦克斯韦妖可通过测量获取的信息将知识转化为热力学优势。然而，该问题的标准公式假设妖能获取系统的整个相空间，这在许多实际应用中不成立。本文通过推导一般反馈控制系统（包括此类奇异情况）的涨落关系来解决此问题。核心量是不可用信息的广义概念：获取信息中不能用于提取有用功的部分。最后，有限分辨率的西拉德引擎说明了这些结果。在高分辨率极限下，妖获取的信息可能发散，但可提取的功仍有限。这项工作表明这是因为同样发散量的信息变得不可用。
英文摘要
Maxwell demons can convert knowledge into thermodynamic advantage by using measurement-acquired information. However, standard formulations of this problem assume that the demon has access to the system's entire phase space, an assumption that fails in many practical applications. Here, I address this problem by deriving fluctuation relations for general feedback-controlled systems, including such singular cases. The central quantity is a generalized notion of unavailable information: a portion of the acquired information that cannot be used to extract useful work. Finally, a Szilard engine with finite resolution illustrates these results. In the high-resolution limit, the information acquired by the demon may diverge, yet the extractable work remains finite. This work shows that this occurs because an equally divergent amount of information becomes unavailable.
Comments4+5 pages, 3 figures
