AI 中文总结
研究伽马射线双星LS 5039的大规模发射，通过对五种不同演化阶段情景建模，包括气泡和弓形激波情景，研究热与非热发射及逃逸粒子辐射，解释扩展X射线为同步辐射，还给出射电、伽马射线及宇宙射线相关结果，为多波长观测提供指导。
AI 中文摘要
背景：包含非吸积中子星和大质量恒星的伽马射线双星在不同空间尺度上表现出多波长发射。其风之间的相互作用产生外流，与周围介质相互作用时会膨胀成气泡或形成弓形激波。LS 5039显示出可能源于这些大规模结构之一的扩展（1秒差距尺度）X射线发射。目的：解释和预测LS 5039的大规模发射。方法：对代表不同演化阶段的五种情景的热发射和非热发射进行建模，假设在混合风终止激波处有粒子加速：三种气泡情景用单区模型处理，两种弓形激波情景用多区方法研究。还研究了逃逸粒子的辐射。结果：扩展的X射线最好解释为同步辐射。一些情景预测可检测到的射电发射，而在强大的弓形激波情景中，逃逸粒子可能对伽马射线有较小的稳定贡献。能量为0.1 - 1 PeV的逃逸质子在乐观的注入光度下也可向银河宇宙射线注入高达约10^36 erg s^-1的能量。结论：伽马射线双星可在大尺度上有效加速粒子，产生宽带发射和0.1 - 1 PeV宇宙射线。结果可指导未来多波长观测以约束LS 5039的大规模相互作用、年龄和诞生地。
英文摘要
Abridged abstract: Context: Gamma-ray binaries hosting a non-accreting neutron star and a massive star exhibit multi-wavelength emission on different spatial scales. The interaction between their winds produces an outflow that can inflate a bubble or form a bow shock as it interacts with the surrounding medium. LS 5039 shows extended (1 pc-scale) X-ray emission that may arise from one of these large-scale structures. Aims: We explain and predict the large-scale emission from LS 5039. Methods: We modelled the thermal and non-thermal emission from five scenarios, representing different evolutionary phases, assuming particle acceleration at the mixed-wind termination shock: three bubble scenarios, treated with a one-zone model, and two bow-shock scenarios, studied with a multi-zone approach. We also investigated the radiation from escaping particles. Results: The extended X-rays are best explained as synchrotron radiation. Some scenarios predict detectable radio emission, while escaping particles may provide a minor steady contribution to the gamma rays in the powerful bow-shock scenario. Escaping protons with energies of 0.1-1 PeV could also inject up to $\sim10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$ into Galactic cosmic rays for optimistic injection luminosities. Conclusions: Gamma-ray binaries can efficiently accelerate particles on large scales, producing broadband emission and 0.1-1 PeV cosmic rays. Our results can guide future multi-wavelength observations to constrain the large-scale interaction, age, and birthplace of LS 5039.
Comments12 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
