大多数热木星在水冰线以外形成
The majority of hot Jupiters formed beyond the water ice line
AI总结：
研究热木星大气成分能否限制其形成位置，用ChemComp代码模拟，应用于九个系统并与观测比较，发现至少六个系统与在水冰线以外形成一致，大气丰度与轨道参数结合可诊断其形成和迁移历史。
AI中文摘要：
巨系外行星的大气成分能保留其形成环境的信息，因为挥发性物质在原行星盘中不同温度下凝结。我们研究了热木星的大气成分能否限制其形成位置。使用ChemComp代码进行行星形成模拟，包括卵石漂移、卵石和气体吸积、行星迁移、恒星丰度以及两个额外化学过程。将此框架应用于九个观测到的热木星系统，并将结果大气金属丰度与观测限制进行比较。发现九个系统的观测大气丰度可由在相对于水和二氧化碳雪线不同位置形成的行星再现。结果表明九个系统中至少六个与在水冰线以外形成一致。结合观测到的轨道间距、偏心率和自旋轨道倾角，这些推断的形成位置表明许多系统可能经历了动力学散射随后是潮汐演化。大气丰度与详细轨道参数相结合，可为热木星系统的形成和迁移历史提供有力诊断，为理解巨行星的起源开辟道路。
英文摘要：
Atmospheric compositions of giant exoplanets can retain information about their formation environments, as volatile species condense at different temperatures in protoplanetary discs. We investigated whether the atmospheric compositions of hot Jupiters can constrain their formation locations. We performed planet formation simulations using the ChemComp code, including pebble drift, pebble and gas accretion, planet migration, stellar abundances, and two additional chemical processes: thermal decomposition of refractory organics and CO/CO2 trapping in water ice. We applied this framework to nine observed hot Jupiter systems and compared the resulting atmospheric metallicities (C/H and O/H) with observational constraints. We found that the observed atmospheric abundances of the nine hot Jupiter systems can be reproduced by planets forming at different locations relative to the H2O and CO2 snowlines. Our results suggest that at least six of the nine systems are consistent with formation beyond the H2O snowline. Combined with the observed orbital separations, eccentricities, and spin-orbit obliquities, these inferred formation locations indicate that many systems likely experienced dynamical scattering followed by tidal evolution. Atmospheric abundances, in combination with detailed orbital parameters, can provide a powerful diagnostic of the formation and migration histories of hot Jupiter systems, opening up avenues to understand the origin of giant planets in general.
