AI 中文总结
研究通过分析大量出版物推断作者性别，计算女性作者与通讯作者占比来研究马蒂尔达效应历史演变，发现女性总体参与率上升，过去二十年趋势反转，各领域和地区存在性别差距。
AI 中文摘要
马蒂尔达效应描述了女性科学贡献被系统性低估的现象。我们通过分析OpenAlex中超过2.2亿篇出版物（1900 - 2025年），推断约6000万作者的性别，来研究其历史演变。为量化这种低估，我们计算了女性作者与女性通讯作者的总体占比之间的比率。通讯作者身份代表智力领导地位和主要学术认可，被系统性排除在这一角色之外直接衡量了马蒂尔达效应。分析表明，女性总体参与率从20世纪10年代的约10%升至近期的超40%。20世纪大部分时间里，女性在通讯作者身份上被过度排除，证实了历史上的马蒂尔达效应。但在过去二十年这一趋势反转，出现全球下降。尽管有总体进步，明显差距仍存在：物理科学和亚洲国家落后，而健康科学和拉丁美洲接近性别平等。
英文摘要
The Matilda effect describes the systematic under-recognition of women's scientific contributions. We investigated its historical evolution by analyzing over 220 million publications (1900-2025) from OpenAlex, inferring the gender of roughly 60 million authors. To quantify this under-recognition, we calculated the ratio between the overall share of female authors and female corresponding authors. Because corresponding authorship denotes intellectual leadership and primary academic credit, systematic exclusion from this role directly measures the Matilda effect. Our analysis reveals that overall female participation rose from approximately 10% in the 1910s to over 40% recently. For most of the 20th century, women were disproportionately excluded from corresponding authorship, confirming a historical Matilda effect. However, this trend inverted over the past two decades, indicating a global decline. Despite this overall progress, distinct disparities persist: the physical sciences and Asian countries lag behind, whereas the health sciences and Latin America approach gender parity.
