AI 中文总结
研究宇宙学相变中泡壁摩擦问题，通过在玻尔兹曼方程方法中一致纳入热质量，发现其能抑制非平衡微扰源项与相互作用率，降低摩擦计算对红外部分的敏感性，以单态扩展标准模型为例说明相关结果。
AI 中文摘要
泡壁摩擦控制着一阶宇宙学相变的动力学。在玻尔兹曼方程方法中，主要的不确定性源于红外规范玻色子，其贡献在无质量近似中被人为增强。我们通过在刘维尔算符和碰撞积分中一致地包含热质量来研究其影响。热质量抑制了非平衡微扰的源项，同时也降低了相互作用率。这些效应在顶夸克情况下基本抵消，仅产生百分之几的变化，但强烈抑制了红外规范玻色子的贡献，将主导动量转移到温度量级的尺度。结果，规范玻色子变得次要，壁速度接近仅由顶夸克摩擦得到的速度。我们在单态扩展标准模型中对此进行了说明。我们的结果表明，热质量降低了摩擦计算对等离子体控制不佳的红外部分的敏感性。
英文摘要
Bubble-wall friction controls the dynamics of first-order cosmological phase transitions. In Boltzmann-equation approaches, a major uncertainty arises from infrared gauge bosons, whose contribution is artificially enhanced in the massless approximation. We study the impact of thermal masses by including them consistently in both the Liouville operator and the collision integrals. Thermal masses suppress the source term for out-of-equilibrium perturbations while also reducing interaction rates. These effects largely cancel for top quarks, giving only percent-level changes, but they strongly suppress the infrared gauge-boson contribution, shifting the dominant momenta to scales of order the temperature. As a result, gauge bosons become subleading and wall velocities are close to those obtained from top-quark friction alone. We illustrate this in the singlet-extended Standard Model. Our results show that thermal masses reduce the sensitivity of friction calculations to the poorly controlled infrared sector of the plasma.
Comments29 pages, 13 figures
