发表机构
Carnegie Mellon University; UC Santa Barbara（卡内基梅隆大学; 加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
研究非视觉数据体验可视化创作问题，提出Skeleton直接操作创作环境，含Inspector、Dimensions API等技术，经对8名从业者实地研究评估，其使导航结构可见，改变从业者可访问设计方式。
AI 中文摘要
当有视力的从业者创作可访问的数据可视化时，他们完全在代码中构建导航结构（即控制辅助技术如何遍历界面的节点、边和输入绑定），没有视觉表示。由于没有可反应的表示，从业者无法判断导航的好坏，非视觉体验的质量上限因缺乏反馈循环而受限。我们通过与制图、设计系统和开源可视化领域的从业者进行纵向协同设计来解决这个问题，并做出了三点贡献。首先，我们引入了一个将导航图渲染为交互式节点链接图的检查器和一个用数据维度而非显式图构建来表达导航的维度API。其次，我们展示了Skeleton，这是一个直接操作的创作环境，其中可访问导航结构的属性被转换为作者可以观察和操作的视觉表示。关键技术包括同时显示系统导航模型和最终用户空间体验的双视图编辑器、通过重新利用可视化渲染管道自动进行空间节点放置的脚手架引擎、具有实时屏幕阅读器输出预览的实时标签模板编辑器以及使遍历序列可视化可跟踪的测试模式。第三，我们通过对8名可视化设计、工程和研究领域的从业者进行实地研究来评估Skeleton。使导航结构可见改变了从业者参与可访问设计的方式：他们重新考虑了自己可视化的架构，关注更广泛的输入模态，并从将可访问性视为合规任务转变为将其视为设计问题。
英文摘要
When sighted practitioners author accessible data visualizations, they build navigation structures (the nodes, edges, and input bindings that govern how assistive technologies traverse an interface) entirely in code, with no visual representation. Without a representation to react to, practitioners cannot develop judgment about what makes navigation good or bad, and the quality ceiling of non-visual experiences is set by the absence of a feedback loop. We address this problem through longitudinal co-design with practitioners across cartography, design systems, and open-source visualization, and make three contributions. First, we introduce an Inspector that renders navigation graphs as interactive node-link diagrams, and a Dimensions API that expresses navigation in terms of data dimensions rather than explicit graph construction. Second we present Skeleton, a direct-manipulation authoring environment in which the properties of an accessible navigation structure are translated into visual representations authors can observe and manipulate. Key techniques include a dual-view editor that simultaneously shows the system's navigation model and the end user's spatial experience, a scaffolding engine that automates spatial node placement by repurposing a visualization rendering pipeline, a live label-template editor with real-time screen-reader-output preview, and a testing mode that makes traversal sequence visually trackable. Third, we evaluate Skeleton through an in-situ study with 8 practitioners across visualization design, engineering, and research. Making navigation structure visible changed how practitioners engaged with accessible design: they reconsidered the architecture of their own visualizations, attended to a broader range of input modalities, and shifted from treating accessibility as a compliance task to treating it as a design problem. (abstract shortened for arxiv)
Comments9 pages core, 2 pages acknowledgements + references, 4 pages appendices. Accepted at IEEE VIS 2026, to appear in November 2026
