AI 中文总结
该研究针对宇宙射线，在OpenGadget3的CRESCENDO中推进对其电子和质子的处理，实现新能量损失过程等，经理想化设置测试，强调数值要点，其未来应用将助力建立星系演化中宇宙射线相关联系。
AI 中文摘要
背景。带有宇宙射线（CR）子网格模型的宇宙学模拟代码有助于我们更好地理解它们对星系和星系团中重子反馈和非热辐射的影响。准确的数值描述需要对CR群体进行光谱分辨处理，因为几乎所有的传输、加速和损失过程都取决于能量。目的。我们在OpenGadget3中的即时光谱CR求解器CRESCENDO中推进对CR电子和质子的处理。方法。我们为质子和电子实现了几种新的能量损失过程，并在超相对论近似之外改进了它们的能量和压力计算。此外，我们提出了一个由超新星遗迹进行CR种子注入的子网格模型，其中在正在进行恒星形成的地点注入符合物理原理的光谱。结果。我们在理想化设置中测试了新实现的损失过程以及CR注入与恒星形成之间的耦合。我们还强调了数值上的微妙之处，例如将强子损失建模为连续或灾难性过程时产生的差异，以及使用灵活光谱截止和放弃超相对论近似的优点。此外，我们表明使用解析近似来计算能量通量会导致斜率重建失败。结论。我们的光谱宇宙射线模型在大规模、全物理宇宙学模拟中的未来应用，将是朝着在现代星系演化范式中建立CR成分的微观物理和宏观物理方面之间强大且可观测验证的联系迈出的重要一步。
英文摘要
Context. Cosmological simulation codes with subgrid models for cosmic rays (CRs) help us better understand their impact on baryonic feedback and non-thermal radiation in galaxies and galaxy clusters. An accurate numerical description requires a spectrally resolved treatment of the CR population, because virtually all transport, acceleration and loss processes depend on energy. Aims. We advance the treatment of CR electrons and protons in the on-the-fly spectral CR solver CRESCENDO in OpenGadget3. Methods. We implement several new energy loss processes for both protons and electrons and improve the computation of their energies and pressures beyond the ultra-relativistic approximation. Moreover, we present a subgrid model for CR seeding by supernova remnants, in which physically motivated spectra are injected at sites of ongoing star formation. Results. We test the newly implemented loss processes and the coupling between CR injection and star formation in idealized setups. We also highlight numerical subtleties, such as the differences arising when hadronic losses are modelled as continuous or catastrophic process, and the advantages of using a flexible spectral cut-off and abandoning the ultra-relativistic approximation. Furthermore, we show that using analytical approximations to compute energy fluxes can cause the slope reconstruction to fail. Conclusions. Future applications of our spectral cosmic-ray model in large-scale, full-physics cosmological simulations will represent an important step towards building a robust and observationally verifiable link between the microphysical and macrophysical aspects of the CR component in the modern paradigm of galaxy evolution.
Comments19 pages, 13 Figures, submitted to A&A, comments welcome
