AI 中文总结
研究逆变器密集型电力系统新保护挑战下的异常检测与分类，核心方法是用DL-Xformer与DSE-EBP对比，贡献为给出二者在多类故障和攻击诊断中的表现，推动了智能电网分层保护架构发展。
AI 中文摘要
基于逆变器的资源和IEC 61850过程总线测量带来了新的保护挑战，包括非传统故障行为和测量域网络物理攻击。本文评估了DL-Xformer，一种基于注意力机制的Transformer分类器，用于多类故障和网络攻击诊断，并与基于动态状态估计的保护（DSE-EBP）在来自逆变器密集型电网的相同高保真电磁暂态（EMT）流测量上进行了对比。评估使用了一个18类分类法，涵盖正常运行、11种物理故障和6种测量域攻击，包括CT/PT比率操纵和GPS欺骗，从同步的上游和下游合并单元以4.8kHz采样。DSE-EBP在异常检测方面表现出色，检测时间为0.417 - 1.660ms，平均检测时间为0.756ms，而DL-Xformer在事件分类方面的时间为2.50 - 50.42ms，平均分类时间为13,46ms。在一个故意施加压力的情况下，当CT比率攻击引入且先前DLG故障的残余振荡尚未完全平息时，延迟最长，事件窗口准确率降至76.1%，但最终稳定分类仍然正确。测量级特征归因表明，DL-Xformer的决策由受攻击测量位置处具有物理意义的电流和电压通道驱动。两种方法共同推动了下一代逆变器主导的智能电网的分层保护架构。
英文摘要
Inverter-based resources and IEC 61850 process-bus measurements introduce new protection challenges, including nontraditional fault behavior and measurement-domain cyber-physical attacks. This paper evaluates DL-Xformer, an attention-based Transformer classifier for multi-class fault and cyberattack diagnosis, side-by-side with Dynamic State Estimation-Based Protection (DSE-EBP) on identical high-fidelity electromagnetic-transient (EMT) streaming measurements from an IBR-rich power grid. The evaluation uses an 18-class taxonomy covering normal operation, 11 physical faults, and six measurement-domain attacks, including CT/PT ratio manipulation and GPS spoofing, sampled at 4.8 kHz from synchronized upstream and downstream merging units. DSE-EBP detects all streaming anomalies in 0.417-1.660 ms, with a mean detection time of 0.756 ms, while DL-Xformer classifies the same events in 2.50-50.42 ms, with a mean classification time of 13.46 ms. The longest delay occurs in a deliberate stress case where a CT ratio attack is introduced while residual oscillations from a preceding DLG fault have not fully settled; the event-window accuracy drops to 76.1 %, but the stable final classification remains correct. Measurement-level feature attribution shows that the DL-Xformer decision is driven by physically meaningful current and voltage channels at the attacked measurement location. Together, the two methods motivate a layered protection architecture for next-generation inverter-dominated smart grids.
