AI 中文总结
研究杰斐逊实验室和美因茨微管加速器能量下，电子和正电子与质子的弱带电流相互作用。通过全面理论研究，分析多种散射及产生过程的相关截面、可观测量和不对称性，检验\(G\)和\(T\)不变性，约束弱相互作用轴矢部分并探讨确定轴偶极质量的方法。
AI 中文摘要
近年来，杰斐逊实验室和美因茨微管加速器下一代高亮度、高精度带电轻子束设施的发展，开启了中性流领域中电子和正电子诱导的弱相互作用过程探索的新前沿，也可用于研究带电流诱导的弱相互作用过程。特别是几百兆电子伏特到几吉电子伏特的中能区过程，对理解电弱动力学、核子结构和强子响应函数至关重要。本综述对电子和正电子与自由质子的弱带电流相互作用进行了全面理论研究，包括奇异数守恒和奇异数改变通道的准弹性散射，以及\(P_{33}\)(1232)、\(P_{11}\)(1440)、\(S_{11}\)(1535)共振、\(\eta\)和\(K\)介子的非弹性产生，还有奇异粒子的关联产生。分析了微分和总截面、末态重子的极化可观测量以及质子靶的自旋不对称性，展示了它们对潜在弱相互作用动力学和可能的二类流的敏感性，从而能够严格检验\(G\)和\(T\)不变性。探索的运动学区域还为约束弱相互作用的轴矢部分提供了独特且独立的机会，并讨论了在准弹性散射区域确定轴偶极质量的替代方法，这一基本参数近二十年来一直存在争议。还重点研究了与\(P_{33}(1232)\)共振激发相关的轴矢形状因子，其方式避免了从（反）中微子诱导的弱过程研究中确定它们时固有的不确定性。
英文摘要
The development of next-generation, high-luminosity, and high-precision charged lepton beam facilities at JLab and MAMI has opened, in recent years, a new frontier in the exploration of weak interaction processes induced by electrons and positrons in the neutral current sector, which can also be used to study weak interaction processes induced by charged currents. In particular, these processes in the intermediate energy regime, spanning from a few hundred MeV to a few GeV, play a crucial role in understanding electroweak dynamics, nucleon structure, and hadronic response functions. This review presents a comprehensive theoretical study of weak charged-current interactions of electrons and positrons with free protons, encompassing quasielastic scattering in both the strangeness conserving and strangeness changing channels, together with inelastic production of the $P_{33}$(1232), $P_{11}$(1440), $S_{11}$(1535) resonances, $η$ and $K$ mesons, and associated production of strange particles. We analyse differential and total cross sections, polarization observables of the final baryons, and spin asymmetries of the proton target, demonstrating their sensitivity to the underlying weak interaction dynamics and to possible second class currents, thereby enabling stringent tests of G- and T- invariance. The explored kinematic region also offers a unique and independent opportunity to constrain the axial vector sector of the weak interaction, and it provides a discussion of alternative ways to determine the axial dipole mass in the quasielastic scattering region, a fundamental parameter that is in debate for nearly two decades. It also focuses on the study of the axial-vector form factors associated with the excitation of the $P_{33}(1232)$ resonance in a manner that is free from the uncertainties inherent in their determination from studies of (anti)neutrino-induced weak processes.
CommentsInvited review article; 89 pages, 60 figures, and 13 tables
