AI 中文总结
研究哈勃常数张力问题，通过哈勃常数世界杯对14种代表性解决方案进行共同分析，涵盖四种机制，采用贝叶斯和频率主义检验，评估各机制缓解张力能力及结论对数据集和分析选择的稳健性。
AI 中文摘要
宇宙学正处于十字路口。哈勃常数张力已达到名义上超过 \(7\sigma\) 的显著水平，同时结合DESI重子声学振荡（BAO）和Ia型超新星数据的分析显示出偏离 \(\Lambda\) 冷暗物质（\(\Lambda\)CDM）模型的迹象。同时，来自阿塔卡马宇宙学望远镜（ACT）和南派恩斯波因特望远镜（SPT）的高精度宇宙微波背景（CMB）测量使得能够及时且更严格地重新评估针对该张力提出的解决方案。本文中，我们重新审视了哈勃常数奥运会，这是一个使用通用数据集、似然函数和统计标准比较 \(\Lambda\)CDM替代方案的系统竞赛。在这个更新版本，即哈勃常数世界杯中，我们对14种代表性解决方案进行了当前CMB、BAO和超新星数据的共同分析。竞争者涵盖四种广泛机制：晚期膨胀历史的修改、修改后的复合、额外的复合前辐射以及早期非辐射能量注入。相对于原始分析，本次竞赛纳入了这些年间提出的模型和机制，并使用贝叶斯和频率主义者对张力和模型性能的检验来评估所有竞争者，同时让中微子质量总和可变。我们进一步测试通过曲率或切瓦利耶 - 波拉尔斯基 - 林德（CPL）暗能量参数化的晚期扩展是否能帮助模型成功。最后，我们对领先的竞争者进行了专门的稳健性测试，涉及替代CMB似然函数和多极截断、超新星样本、大尺度结构信息以及大爆炸核合成约束。这个框架评估了每种机制缓解哈勃常数张力的能力以及我们结论对数据集和分析选择的稳健性。
英文摘要
Cosmology stands at a crossroads. The Hubble tension has reached a nominal significance above $7σ$, while analyses combining DESI BAO and Type Ia supernova data show emerging hints of departures from $Λ$CDM. Meanwhile, high-precision CMB measurements from ACT and SPT enable a timely and more stringent reassessment of proposed solutions to the tension. In this paper, we revisit the $H_0$ Olympics, a systematic contest comparing proposed alternatives to $Λ$CDM using common datasets, likelihoods, and statistical criteria. In this updated edition, the $H_0$ World Cup, we subject fourteen representative solutions to a common analysis of current CMB, BAO, and SN data. The contenders span four broad mechanisms: late-time modifications of the expansion history, modified recombination, additional pre-recombination radiation, and early non-radiative energy injection. Relative to the original analysis, the present competition includes models and mechanisms proposed in the intervening years and evaluates all contenders using both Bayesian and Frequentist tests of tension and model performance, letting the neutrino mass sum vary. We further test if late-time extensions through curvature or the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) dark energy parametrization can aid the success of the models. Finally, we subject the leading contenders to dedicated robustness tests involving alternative CMB likelihoods and multipole cuts, supernova samples, large-scale-structure information, and big-bang nucleosynthesis constraints. This framework assesses both the ability of each mechanism to ease the Hubble tension and the robustness of our conclusions to datasets and analysis choices.
Comments69 pages, 31figures, 16tables
