发表机构
Stanford University; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Artimus Robotics; Chinese Academy of Science; Fluid Reality, Inc.; Cornell University（斯坦福大学; 瑞典皇家理工学院; 阿蒂姆斯机器人公司; 中国科学院; 流体现实公司; 康奈尔大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
该文综述用于触觉的高压静电致动器，考察静电可切换粘合剂等四类，描述其触觉输出机制、表征相关性能，通过跨技术分析确定设计限制与新兴策略，指出其在推动触觉交互上的独特定位及关键研究方向。
AI 中文摘要
随着触觉接口更无缝地集成到可穿戴设备和日常环境中，它们越来越需要柔软、轻薄、静音且节能的致动器。然而，传统电机和温度响应聚合物因其体积庞大和功耗高，难以具备这些特性。高压静电致动器（HVEAs）通过高电压和超低电流对局部电荷浓度施加电场来产生力，因其在高度可定制和柔顺外形因素内快速、静音且低功耗的运行，成为了一种有吸引力的替代方案。本文对用于触觉的HVEAs进行了重点综述，考察了四大类：静电可切换粘合剂、介电弹性体致动器、软电液致动器和电动泵。对于每一类，我们描述了其实现触觉输出的机制；表征了它们的带宽、力密度和空间可扩展性；并评估了它们在可穿戴和基于地面的接口上呈现皮肤和动觉反馈的通用性。通过这种跨技术分析，我们确定了常见的设计限制以及改善人体工程学、简化制造和集成自感应的新兴策略。我们通过概述HVEAs在推动触觉交互方面的独特定位以及突出将这些技术转化为实际系统所需的关键研究方向来得出结论。
英文摘要
As haptic interfaces integrate more seamlessly into wearables and everyday environments, they increasingly require actuators that are soft, thin, silent, and energy efficient. However, conventional motors and temperature-responsive polymers often struggle to deliver these properties due to their bulky form factors and high power consumption. High-Voltage Electrostatic Actuators (HVEAs), which generate force by applying an electric field to localized charge concentrations using high voltages and ultra-low currents, have recently emerged as a compelling alternative due to their fast, silent, and low-power operation within highly customizable and compliant form factors. This paper presents a focused review of HVEAs for haptics, examining four major classes: electrostatic switchable adhesives, dielectric elastomer actuators, soft electrohydraulic actuators, and electrokinetic pumps. For each class, we describe their mechanisms that enable haptic output; characterize their bandwidths, force densities, and spatial scalability; and evaluate their versatility for rendering cutaneous and kinesthetic feedback across wearable and world-grounded interfaces. Through this cross-technology analysis, we identify common design constraints and emerging strategies for improving ergonomics, streamlining fabrication, and integrating self-sensing. We conclude by outlining where HVEAs are uniquely positioned to advance haptic interaction and highlighting key research directions needed to translate these technologies into practical systems.
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