AI 中文总结
研究在量子计算时代如何实现量子增强区块链。核心方法是构建基于光子集成电路并部署在商用电信基础设施上的混合量子区块链架构。主要贡献是实现近二分之一容错率，数秒内达成共识，验证了食品溯源应用实用性，为实用量子区块链奠定基础。
AI 中文摘要
比特币加密货币推广了区块链技术，它建立了一个去中心化数字框架，利用加密和共识协议保护数据不被未经授权修改，已在多领域广泛应用。量子计算时代，区块链的首要目标是保持加密完整性和去中心化容错弹性。理论上量子数字签名和量子拜占庭协议能提供安全保障，但实现量子增强区块链仍面临诸多挑战。本文提出并实验演示了基于光子集成电路、部署在商用经典电信基础设施上的全功能混合量子区块链架构。该系统容错率近二分之一，超越经典极限，数秒内达成共识，通过食品溯源应用验证了其实用性，每秒约500笔交易吞吐量。此工作为实用量子区块链奠定了基础，能在新兴量子时代实现安全、可扩展和去中心化的信息处理。
英文摘要
Popularized by the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, blockchain technology establishes a decentralized digital framework that utilizes cryptographic and consensus protocols to secure data against unauthorized modification. Consequently, blockchain has found broad adoption across diverse fields, including finance, data management, healthcare, and digital asset governance. In the quantum computing era, a paramount objective for blockchain is to preserve its foundational advantages of cryptographic integrity and decentralized fault-tolerant resilience. In principle, quantum digital signatures and quantum Byzantine agreement protocols offer foundational security guarantees and tolerate up to one-half of malicious nodes for blockchain. However, the practical realization of such a quantum-enhanced blockchain remains a significant and multifaceted challenge. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a fully operational hybrid quantum blockchain architecture built on photonic integrated circuits and deployed over commercially available classical telecommunications infrastructure. The system achieves a fault tolerance of nearly one-half, surpassing the classical limit, while reaching consensus on a timescale of seconds. A deployed food traceability application validates the practicality of the proposed architecture, achieving a throughput of approximately 500 transactions per second. This work establishes a foundation for practical quantum blockchains, enabling secure, scalable, and decentralized information processing in the emerging quantum era.
