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从电路到硬件:在真实硬件上对标准和量子比特高效量子优化进行基准测试

From Circuits to Hardware: Benchmarking Standard and Qubit-Efficient Quantum Optimization on Real Hardware

Monit Sharma, Hoong Chuin Lau

arXiv 2607.11637首次发表:更新:

AI 中文总结

该研究在四个NP难问题上对多种量子优化算法进行真实硬件基准测试,包括VQE、QAOA等,还涉及量子比特高效方法。通过多种组合测试,报告了电路大小、硬件结果及保真度代理等,得出不同问题的瓶颈及算法表现结论,量子比特高效方法在保真度预算内扩展了实例大小。

AI 中文摘要

尽管量子优化取得了快速进展,但在通用协议下比较多个算法家族在各种组合问题上的广泛真实硬件基准仍然有限。我们在四个NP难问题上对基于门的量子优化进行基准测试:多维背包问题(MDKP)、最大独立集(MIS)、二次分配问题(QAP)和市场份额问题(MSP)。我们研究了变分量子本征求解器(VQE)、条件风险价值变分量子本征求解器(CVaR-VQE)、标准、多角度和热启动量子近似优化算法(QAOA),以及量子比特高效的概率性编译嵌入(PCE)和量子旋转门自适应优化(QRAO),在IBM Heron r1/r2处理器上使用二级弹性缓解。据我们所知,这包括首个真实硬件QRAO结果和首个多问题PCE硬件基准。在247种方法-实例组合中,我们报告了转译后的电路大小、硬件结果以及一个独立误差门计数保真度代理$F_{\mathrm{est}}$。对于MDKP和MIS,在$F_{\mathrm{est}}\approx 0.1$附近的经验操作点,对应于Heron-r2中位数CZ错误率下约770个两比特门,标志着噪声主导执行的开始。QAP暴露了一个单独的瓶颈:密集的独热编码和指数稀疏的可行流形,在$n = 10$时可行分数为$10!/2^{100}$;没有测试的硬件方法产生可行分配。编译后的QAOA家族电路通常由噪声主导,并且匹配的均匀随机控制表明,除了一个有限样本的MIS热启动例外,大多数可行的低保真结果都在随机范围内。一个感知SWAP 的、分数门的、Nighthawk拓扑编译反事实减少了两比特计数,但所有电路仍低于$F_{\mathrm{est}} = 10^{-3}$。这些结论适用于测试的实现,而不是一般的QAOA。量子比特高效方法扩展了可运行实例大小,但仅在经验保真度预算内。

英文摘要

Despite rapid progress in quantum optimization, broad real-hardware benchmarks comparing multiple algorithmic families across diverse combinatorial problems under a common protocol remain limited. We benchmark gate-based quantum optimization on four NP-hard problems: multi-dimensional knapsack (MDKP), maximum independent set (MIS), quadratic assignment (QAP), and market-share (MSP). We study VQE, CVaR-VQE, standard, multi-angle, and warm-start QAOA, together with qubit-efficient PCE and QRAO, on IBM Heron r1/r2 processors using resilience-level-2 mitigation. To our knowledge, this includes the first real-hardware QRAO results and the first multi-problem PCE hardware benchmark. Across 247 method-instance combinations, we report transpiled circuit size, hardware outcomes, and an independent-error gate-count fidelity proxy, $F_{\mathrm{est}}$. For MDKP and MIS, an empirical operating point near $F_{\mathrm{est}}\approx 0.1$, corresponding to about 770 two-qubit gates at the median Heron-r2 CZ error rate, marks the onset of noise-dominated execution. QAP exposes a separate bottleneck: dense one-hot encodings and an exponentially sparse feasible manifold, with feasible fraction $10!/2^{100}$ at $n=10$; no tested hardware method produces a feasible assignment. Compiled QAOA-family circuits are generally noise dominated, and a matched uniform-random control shows that most feasible low-fidelity outcomes fall within the random range, apart from one finite-sample MIS warm-start exception. A SWAP-aware, fractional-gate, Nighthawk-topology compilation counterfactual reduces two-qubit counts but leaves all circuits below $F_{\mathrm{est}}=10^{-3}$. These conclusions apply to the tested implementations rather than QAOA in general. Qubit-efficient methods extend runnable instance sizes, but only within the empirical fidelity budget.

CommentsAccepted at Quantum Science and Technology

Journal refQuant. Sci. Technol. (2026)

DOI:10.1088/2058-9565/ae94a4

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