基于鼠笼式比较器和2×2对映维瓦尔第阵列的X波段单脉冲测向接收机
An X-Band Monopulse Direction-Finding Receiver Based on a Rat-Race Comparator and a $2\times2$ Antipodal Vivaldi Array
AI总结：
研究设计并制造了X波段紧凑型单脉冲测向接收机，核心方法是结合2×2对映维瓦尔第天线阵列与鼠笼式比较器网络，经实验验证方位测向效果良好，贡献是得到无源、低成本且完全集成的接收机，适用于多种领域。
AI中文摘要：
本文介绍了一种工作在X波段的紧凑型单脉冲测向（DF）接收机的设计、制造和实验验证。该接收机将2×2对映维瓦尔第天线阵列与鼠笼式（180度混合）比较器网络相结合，可同时合成单脉冲处理所需的和（Σ）、方位差（Δaz）和仰角差（Δel）通道，无需机械扫描。维瓦尔第元件在8-12GHz范围内具有良好的阻抗匹配，模拟实现增益约为6.44dBi，比较器在其差分端口呈现角度编码所需的180度相位平衡。三个LTC5564包络检波器将通道输出转换为直流电压，由板载微控制器数字化并在软件中处理，以形成单脉冲比并估计到达方向（DoA），结果在MATLAB图形用户界面上实时显示。在11GHz下，在-20至19度的14个角度上通过实验证明了方位测向，均方根误差（RMSE）为7度；该架构可直接扩展到仰角。结果是一种适用于雷达传感、电子战和监视的无源、低成本且完全集成的接收机。
英文摘要：
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a compact monopulse direction-finding (DF) receiver operating in the X-band. The receiver combines a $2 \times 2$ antipodal Vivaldi antenna array with a rat-race (180-degree hybrid) comparator network that simultaneously synthesizes the sum ($Σ$), azimuth-difference ($Δ_{az}$), and elevation-difference ($Δ_{el}$) channels required for monopulse processing, removing the need for mechanical scanning. The Vivaldi element provides good impedance matching across 8-12 GHz with a simulated realized gain of approximately 6.44 dBi, and the comparator exhibits the 180-degree phase balance at its difference ports required for angle encoding, with the fabricated prototype preserving the matched, balanced response measured across the band. Three LTC5564 envelope detectors convert the channel outputs to DC voltages that are digitized by an on-board microcontroller and processed in software to form the monopulse ratios and estimate the direction of arrival (DoA), with the result displayed in real time on a MATLAB graphical user interface. Azimuth direction finding is experimentally demonstrated over fourteen angles spanning -20 to 19 degrees at 11 GHz, yielding a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7 degrees; the architecture is directly extensible to elevation. The result is a passive, low-cost, and fully integrated receiver suitable for radar sensing, electronic warfare, and surveillance.
