μ子登月计划：利用向上μ子进行月球地下层析成像
The muon Moonshot: Moon subsurface tomography with upward-going muons
AI总结：
提出基于向上μ子的月球地下层析成像μ子登月计划概念，通过蒙特卡罗模拟研究其能谱等，结果显示对探测器高度敏感，可探测地下洞穴和水资源，有望用于未来月球任务。
AI中文摘要：
我们提出了一种基于源自月球风化层的向上μ子的新型μ子登月计划概念，用于月球地下层析成像。与地球不同，月球没有大气层，下方是致密的风化层，上方是近真空环境。因此，大多数向下的强子在衰变前被吸收，而逃离风化层的向上强子会在飞行中衰变，产生大量月球μ子。这些μ子可被月球表面或近月轨道上的仪器探测到。我们进行蒙特卡罗模拟，研究各种理论和探测器配置下它们的能谱、角分布和积分通量。结果表明，在平坦地形假设下，月球μ子通量对探测器高度敏感，显示出其作为浅层地下空洞新型非侵入式探测器的潜力。我们还给出了探测地下洞穴和水资源的案例研究，洞穴引起的通量变化在不到一分钟内即可观测到，较弱的水信号在收集约十分钟数据后可区分，并且讨论了在未来月球任务中的潜在实施情况。
英文摘要：
We propose a novel muon Moonshot concept for lunar subsurface tomography based on upward-going muons originated from the lunar regolith. Unlike the Earth, the Moon lacks an atmosphere, leaving a dense regolith below and a near-vacuum environment above. Consequently, while most downward-going hadrons are absorbed before decaying, upward-going hadrons escaping the regolith can decay in flight, producing a significant source of lunar muons. These muons are detectable by instruments on the lunar surface or in near-lunar orbit. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to investigate their energy spectra, angular distributions, and integrated fluxes under various theoretical and detector configurations. The results indicate that the lunar muon flux is sensitive to detector altitude under a flat-terrain assumption, demonstrating its potential as a novel non-invasive probe of shallow subsurface voids. We also present case studies on the detection of underground cavities and water resources, with cavity-induced flux variations observable in less than two minutes and weaker water signals distinguishable after about 36 minutes of data collection with a $1~\mathrm{m^2}$ detector, and discuss potential implementations in future lunar missions.
