发表机构
Yale University; Harvard University; University of North Texas（耶鲁大学; 哈佛大学; 北德克萨斯大学）
机构由 AI 辅助整理，请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
研究通过ASTRID模拟，测量不同质量星系从\(z = 5\)到\(z = 0\)的黑洞占据率，分析其在不同条件下变化，展示不同选择对其影响及\(z = 0\)时星系间差异，揭示BHOF能编码黑洞起源和动力学的丰富信息。
AI 中文摘要
黑洞占据率（BHOF）是对大质量黑洞（BH）种子形成及后续星系组装的一种强大但本质上分层的诊断方法。我们在ASTRID宇宙流体动力学模拟中，测量了恒星质量范围从\(10^7 - 10^{12}\) \(\mathrm{M}_\odot\)的星系从\(z = 5\)到\(z = 0\)的总、中心和漫游BHOF。结果表明，不同质量和红移下BHOF情况各异，如低质量星系中中心BHOF下降而漫游BHOF上升，还展示了不同选择对BHOF的影响，以及\(z = 0\)时主星系和卫星星系BHOF差异等。结果显示，按黑洞位置、种子形成历史、吸积状态和更大尺度星系环境分解的BHOF，编码了丰富的黑洞起源和动力学化石记录。
英文摘要
The black hole occupation fraction (BHOF) is a powerful but intrinsically layered diagnostic of massive black hole (BH) seeding and subsequent galaxy assembly. We measure the total, central, and wandering BHOF in the ASTRID cosmological hydrodynamical simulation from $z=5$ to $z=0$ in galaxies with stellar masses ranging from $10^7$-$10^{12} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. For the full population, the total BHOF remains close to unity across most stellar masses and redshifts, reflecting efficient seeding in eligible halos. At low stellar masses, the central BHOF declines toward the present day, while the wandering BHOF rises, indicating that mergers deposit BHs at off-center locations in galaxies. Compared to these full-population BHOFs, the heavy-seed BHOFs are substantially smaller at the low-mass end. The active BHOFs are smaller at all stellar masses, especially at late times, demonstrating that active galactic nuclei (AGN)-selected samples trace duty cycles rather than intrinsic BH occupation. At $z=0$, primary (central) galaxies have higher BHOFs than satellites, and star-forming low-mass galaxies preferentially host wandering rather than central BHs. Our results show that the BHOF, when decomposed by BH location, seeding history, accretion state, and larger-scale galactic environment, encodes a rich fossil record of BH origins and dynamics.
Comments10 pages, 5 figures. Published in ApJL
Journal refEmma Jane Weller et al 2026 ApJL 1008 L54
