AI 中文总结
大型强子对撞机中轻核结合能低却能在高温存活，“地狱雪球”矛盾考验量子色动力学。后期核子聚结和统计热模型可重现包容性产率，近期LHC测量与模型发展使问题转变，对QCD物质及宇宙射线反核搜索有更广泛意义。
AI 中文摘要
轻核和反核，如氘核，在大型强子对撞机（LHC）的强子和核碰撞中大量产生。尽管它们的结合能只有几兆电子伏特，但它们能在几百兆电子伏特量级的极高温度下存活。这种常被称为“地狱雪球”的矛盾，已成为对量子色动力学（QCD）如何将夸克和胶子转变为复合物质的严峻考验。引人注目的是，两个截然不同的框架可以重现相同的包容性产率，即后期核子聚结，其中核在系统稀释时由附近核子形成，以及统计热模型，其中核在接近155兆电子伏特的温度下作为平衡强子化化学的一部分出现。在此，我们回顾了最近LHC的测量和模型发展如何将问题从是否产生轻核，转变为它们何时以及如何形成，这对QCD物质和宇宙射线反核搜索具有更广泛的影响。
英文摘要
Light nuclei and antinuclei, such as deuterons, are produced abundantly at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in hadronic and nuclear collisions. Even though their binding energies are only a few MeV, they survive in the extremely high temperatures of the order of a few hundred MeV. This contradiction, often referred to as ``Snowballs in Hell'', has become a sharp test of how quantum chromodynamics (QCD) turns quarks and gluons into composite matter. Strikingly, two very different frameworks can reproduce the same inclusive yields, i.e., late-stage nucleon coalescence, where nuclei form from nearby nucleons as the system dilutes, and statistical thermal models, where nuclei emerge as part of an equilibrated hadronization chemistry at a temperature close to 155 MeV. Here, we review how recent LHC measurements and model developments are shifting the question--from whether light nuclei are produced, to when and how they form, with broader implications for QCD matter and cosmic-ray antinuclei searches.
Comments5 pages, 6 figures. General-purpose article for Physics enthusiasts
