太阳中微子与天体粒子物理（SNAPPY）立方星开发
The Solar Neutrino and Astro-Particle PhYsics (SNAPPY) CubeSat Development
AI总结：
SNAPPY立方星通过镓同位素双脉冲探测技术，在低地球轨道验证太阳中微子检测，并实现空间鉴定。
摘要：
SNAPPY立方星于2026年5月3日发射，将演示并空间鉴定nuSol中微子探测技术。nuSol技术使用镓同位素探测太阳中微子，该同位素衰变时发射两个时间间隔的粒子，从而区分中微子事件与宇宙射线。在2021年的NIAC第二阶段项目评审中，概念和科学可行性得到确认；然而，建议在开展完整任务研究之前进行两项前期研究：表征探测器镓双脉冲信号的真实深空背景，并收集统计上显著数量的双脉冲事件，以证明快速电子学能够可靠地选择和分拣该信号。为了在太空中测试双脉冲信号，NIAC第三阶段资助建造了一颗3U立方星，携带一个0.1千克的镓铝钆石榴石探测器，并置于主动反符合阵列和屏蔽层内。由于探测器需要类似深空的条件，立方星设计为极地低地球轨道，高度450公里或更高，在地球两极上方范艾伦带以上收集数据。探测器灵敏度高，能量分辨率约7%，采用主动反符合屏蔽和被动屏蔽，使用专利的钨粉和环氧树脂混合物，该混合物在重返大气层时会分解。SNAPPY在第二年的扩展任务阶段还能开展额外科学任务，包括测量太阳风粒子密度和能谱，并识别电子、质子和α粒子；以及探测来自银河伽马射线暴的极低能量伽马射线（无方向性）。
英文摘要：
The SNAPPY CubeSat, which was launched May 3, 2026, will demonstrate and space qualify the nuSol neutrino-detection technology. The nuSol technology detects solar neutrinos using a gallium isotope which decays by emitting two particles spaced apart in time; this allows differentiating neutrino events from cosmic rays. In the NIAC Phase II project review in 2021, concept and science were determined to be feasible; however, two precursor studies were recommended before pursuing a full mission study. These studies were to characterize the true deep-space background for the detector's gallium double-pulse signal and to collect a statistically significant number of double-pulse events demonstrating that fast electronics can reliably select and analyze this signal. To test double-pulse signals in space, a NIAC Phase III funded building a 3U CubeSat carrying a 0.1-kg gallium-aluminum-gadolinium-garnet detector housed within an active veto array and shielding. Because the detector requires deep-space-like conditions, the CubeSat is designed for a polar low-Earth orbit at 450 km or higher altitude, collecting data over the Earth's poles above the Van Allen belts. The detector is highly sensitive, with roughly 7-percent energy resolution, with active veto shielding and passive shielding using a patented tungsten-powder and epoxy mixture that disintegrates upon atmospheric reentry. SNAPPY enables additional science during the extended mission phase of year two operations. These include measurements of solar wind particle density and energy spectra with particle identification of electrons, protons, and alpha particles; detection of very low-energy gamma rays from galactic gamma-ray bursts without directionality.
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