星系团中的宇宙射线生命周期
The Cosmic Ray Life Cycle in Galaxy Clusters
AI总结：
研究引力能如何通过湍流和激波转化为热，影响星系团演化，产生宇宙射线电子和射电辐射，并探讨SKA望远镜观测计划。
摘要：
在宇宙网中，与宇宙最大结构的形成和增长以及活动星系核（AGN）活动相关的引力能，通过湍流和激波等过程转化为热量。这些过程对星系团的演化产生根本性影响。例如，它们导致磁场放大，并产生通过同步辐射发射连续射电波的宇宙射线（CR）电子。这产生了覆盖整个宿主星系团尺度的射电源。这些星系团中的大型射电源通常根据其形态外观分类为射电晕、星系团射电激波（射电遗迹）等。为了理解星系团（及更广范围）中的CR加速过程，并全面了解这些源及其长期相互作用，SKA望远镜应对精心挑选的近邻星系团样本进行深度观测，并进行较浅的广域巡天。凭借其能力——特别是对偏振和低频辐射的灵敏度——SKA-Mid（波段1和2）和SKA-Low非常适合探测星系团中的磁场结构，以及可能由尚未探索的微观物理机制加速的大量低能CR。对低频辐射的高灵敏度对于探测这些现象在十亿年时间尺度上的长期作用和相互作用也至关重要。
英文摘要：
Within the cosmic web, gravitational energy, linked to the formation and growth of the Universe's largest structures and the activity of active galactic nuclei (AGN), is converted to heat through processes such as turbulence and shock waves. These processes have a fundamental impact on the evolution of galaxy clusters. For example, they lead to the amplification of magnetic fields and the production of cosmic ray (CR) electrons that emit continuum radio waves via synchrotron emission. This produces sources on scales of the entire hosting clusters. These large radio sources in galaxy clusters are often classified based on their morphological appearance as radio halos, cluster radio shocks (radio relics), and other types. To understand the CR acceleration processes in galaxy clusters (and beyond), and to gain a comprehensive view of these sources, including their long-term interactions, SKA telescope should conduct both deep observations of a carefully selected sample of nearby clusters as well as shallower wide-area surveys. Thanks to their capabilities - in particular the sensitivity to polarised and low-frequency emission - SKA-Mid (Bands 1 and 2) and SKA-Low are ideally suited to probing magnetic field structures in galaxy clusters, as well as the large reservoir of low-energy CRs that may be accelerated by yet-unexplored microphysical mechanisms. The high sensitivity to low-frequency emission will also be fundamental to detect the long term actions and interactions of these phenomena over gigayear timescales.
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