NIST PQC标准的性能比较分析：从STM32软件限制到FPGA-SoC加速
Comparative Performance Analysis of NIST PQC Standards: From STM32 Software Limitations to FPGA-SoC Acceleration
AI总结：
针对资源受限嵌入式硬件，比较SPHINCS+和CRYSTALS-Dilithium，发现纯软件实现不可行，通过FPGA上的NTT加速器实现Dilithium的毫秒级性能。
摘要：
量子计算的快速发展对经典公钥密码系统构成重大威胁，迫使向后量子密码（PQC）过渡。本研究调查了NIST标准化签名方案在资源受限嵌入式硬件上的实现挑战。我们在ARM Cortex-M4（STM32F407G）微控制器上对SPHINCS+和CRYSTALS-Dilithium进行了比较分析。我们的发现表明，SPHINCS+在这种纯软件环境中几乎不可用，执行时间不切实际。此外，由于严重的RAM和时序限制，参考Dilithium实现完全无法在MCU上执行。为了克服这些硬件限制，我们将硬件加速的Dilithium核心集成到Xilinx Zynq-7000 ZedBoard SoC上。通过在FPGA结构中实现专门的数论变换（NTT）加速器，我们成功实现了密钥生成和签名生成的毫秒级性能。这些结果表明，虽然纯软件PQC对标准微控制器不可行，但硬件-软件协同设计方法为抗量子嵌入式系统提供了必要的效率。
英文摘要：
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical public-key cryptographic systems, necessitating the transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). This study investigates the implementation challenges of NISTstandardized signature schemes on resource-constrained embedded hardware. We present a comparative analysis of SPHINCS+ and CRYSTALS-Dilithium on an ARM Cortex-M4 (STM32F407G) microcontroller. Our findings reveal that SPHINCS+ is practically unusable in this software-only environment, with impractical execution times. Furthermore, the reference Dilithium implementation failed to execute entirely on the MCU due to severe RAM and timing constraints. To overcome these hardware limitations, we integrated a hardware-accelerated Dilithium core onto a Xilinx Zynq-7000 ZedBoard SoC. By implementing a specialized Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) accelerator in the FPGA fabric, we achieved successful execution with performance rates for key generation and signature generation at millisecond levels. These results demonstrate that while pure software PQC is non-viable for standard microcontrollers, a hardware-software codesign approach provides the necessary efficiency for quantumresistant embedded systems.
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