一个基于主体的风格化模型中的财富不平等与行星边界
Wealth Inequality and Planetary Boundaries in a Stylized Agent-Based Model
AI总结：
通过构建异质主体模型，研究财富不平等如何阻碍绿色转型，发现超过一定阈值后经济锁定在棕色状态，并评估了不同财政政策的效果。
摘要：
在财富不平等加剧和环境压力增强的交叉点上，我们研究了一个相对较少受到关注的逆向因果关系：财富不平等可能不仅是环境危机的后果，而且本身也是生态转型的结构性障碍。我们开发了一个风格化的基于主体的模型，其中初始财富服从帕累托分布的异质主体通过一个效用函数将其收入分配给棕色或绿色部门。该函数旨在捕捉短期回报与长期系统性风险暴露之间的权衡。一个核心要素是，较富裕的主体认为自己受环境冲击的影响较小，从而减少了可用于转型的资源。我们表明，在超过大多数发达国家观察到的与不平等阈值兼容的范围内，即使相当一部分主体对外部性敏感，经济仍然锁定在棕色体制中。然后，我们评估了一组风格化的财政政策（基本收入、碳税、绿色激励和组合方案），发现其有效性强烈依赖于不平等体制和财政机制中嵌入的累退性，揭示了转型速度、累积环境破坏、增长和财政压力之间的多维权衡。
英文摘要：
At the intersection of rising wealth inequality and intensifying environmental pressures, we investigate a reverse causal relationship that has received comparatively little attention: wealth inequality may not only be a consequence of environmental crises, but also act as a structural obstacle to the ecological transition itself. We develop a stylized agent-based model in which heterogeneous agents, whose initial wealth follows a Pareto distribution, allocate their income between either a Brown or a Green sector through a utility function. The function is designed to capture the trade-off between short-term returns and exposure to long-term systemic risks. A central ingredient is that wealthier agents perceive themselves as less vulnerable to environmental shocks, thereby reducing the amount of resources available for the transition. We show that, beyond inequality thresholds compatible with those observed in most developed countries, the economy remains locked in a Brown regime, even when a substantial share of agents is sensitive to externalities. We then assess a set of stylized fiscal policies (basic income, carbon taxation, Green incentives, and a combined scheme) and find that their effectiveness depends strongly on the inequality regime and on the regressivity embedded in the fiscal mechanism, revealing multidimensional trade-offs between transition speed, cumulative environmental destruction, growth, and fiscal pressure.
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