Simulating realistic radio morphologies of Fanaroff-Riley I jets in a self-regulating cool-core cluster
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦阿斯特rophysik研究所）；Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam（波茨坦大学物理与天文学系）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik（海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理学研究所）
Léna Jlassi, Rainer Weinberger, Christoph Pfrommer, Maria Werhahn, Joseph Whittingham, Philipp Girichidis
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets radiate radio synchrotron emission displaying a wide range of morphologies. At the same time, they provide heat to prevent cooling flows in cool-core galaxy clusters. We produce mock radio observations of AGN jets in a self-regulating cool-core galaxy cluster. To this end, we employ magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of an idealised Perseus-like galaxy cluster, in which accretion-powered low-density jets accelerate cosmic ray protons and electrons by means of a sub-grid model. Cosmic ray electron spectra are spatially and temporally evolved along Lagrangian tracer trajectories using the Fokker-Planck solver Crest to produce radio synchrotron emission. Self-regulated AGN jets stabilize the cool-core cluster against cooling flows and produce realistic Fanaroff-Riley I (FRI) and disturbed lobe morphologies, in contrast to symmetrical lobe structures obtained with a single jet outburst of fixed power. Our mock radio observations are viewed in a blazar configuration - along the jet axis - and exhibit complex radio-emitting lobe structures despite this. This highlights the strong deflection of light jets by cold gas structures and suggests that small-scale black hole and jet properties cannot be inferred from kpc-scale FRI radio lobe morphologies. Combining self-consistently evolved magnetic fields and electron spectra enables us to explain a known observational phenomenon, whereby radio observations of AGN lobes on galaxy cluster scales occasionally display similar spatial extents at different frequencies: in 1-50 $μ$G magnetic fields obtained in our cool-core environment, both freshly accelerated and hundreds-of-Myr-old electrons are able to contribute to the 150 MHz - 1.4 GHz frequency range.
We report finding kiloparsec-scale radio emissions aligned with parsec-scale jet structures in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy Mrk 1239 using the Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array. Thus, this radio-quiet NLS1 has a jet-producing central engine driven by essentially the same mechanism as that of other radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Most of the radio luminosity is concentrated within 100 parsecs and overall radio morphology looks edge-darkened; the estimated jet kinetic power is comparable to Fanaroff--Riley Type I radio galaxies. The conversion from accretion …
Results from Chandra-HST-VLA observations of 13 hybrid sources are presented. Data from ten sources in the literature are analysed along with new data from three hybrid blazars belonging to the MOJAVE sample. Studies of such hybrid sources displaying both FRI and FRII jet characteristics could provide the key to resolving the long-standing Fanaroff-Riley dichotomy issue. A majority of the 13 hybrid sources show FRII-like total radio powers, i.e., they are "hybrid" in radio morphology but not in total radio power. VLBI observations of ten of the 13 sources show that the X-ray jet is on the same…
We report the high-resolution radio observations of eight Fanaroff-Riley type 0 radio galaxies (FR 0s), selected from the published FR 0 sample. These observations were carried out with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and European VLBI Network (EVN) at frequencies of 5 and 8 GHz with a highest resolution of 0.6 mas. All eight sources show compact structures on projected physical sizes of 0.3-10 parsec. Six sources show a two-sided structure and two sources show a one-sided jet structure. J1025+1022 shows an X-shaped jet structure, which could result from a reorientation of the jet axis due…
A small subset of extragalactic double radio sources, termed HYMORS (HYbrid MOrpholgy Radio Sources), is distinguished by a very unusual, hybrid morphology in terms of the Fanaroff-Riley (FR) classification. In HYMORS, one radio lobe appears edge-darkened (FR I), while the other shows a well-defined emission peak near its outer edge (edge-brightened, FR II). Such sources are rare but critical for constraining the mechanism responsible for the FR dichotomy, a widely debated issue in extragalactic astrophysics. Here we highlight the need for caution in assigning FR type, in view of some upcoming…
Energy deposition by active galactic nuclei jets into the ambient medium can affect galaxy formation and evolution, the cooling of gas flows at the centres of galaxy clusters, and the growth of the supermassive black holes. However, the processes that couple jet power to the ambient medium and determine jet morphology are poorly understood. For instance, there is no agreement on the cause of the well-known Fanaroff-Riley (FR) morphological dichotomy of jets, with FRI jets being shorter and less stable than FRII jets. We carry out global 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of relativistic jets p…
We argue that the origin of "FRI/FRI{-.1em}I dichotomy" -- the division between Fanaroff-Riley class I (FRI) with subsonic lobes and class I{-.1em}I (FRI{-.1em}I) radio sources with supersonic lobes is sharp in the radio-optical luminosity plane (Owen-White diagram) -- can be explained by the deceleration of advancing radio lobes. The deceleration is caused by the growth of the effective cross-sectional area of radio lobes. We derive the condition in which an initially supersonic lobe turns into a subsonic lobe, combining the ram-pressure equilibrium between the hot spots and the ambient mediu…
We study the radio power of the core and its relation to the optical properties of the host galaxy in samples of high excitation (HERG) and low excitation (LERG) Fanaroff-Riley type II (FRII) radio galaxies. The radio galaxy sample is divided into two groups of core/non-core FRII, based on the existence of strong, weak or lack of single radio core component. We show that FRII LERGs with radio emission of the core have significantly higher [O III] line luminosities compared to the non-core LERG FRIIs. There is no significant difference between the hosts of the core and non-core FRIIs of LERG ty…
We examine the possibility that a claimed dependence of the FR 1/2 break value in radio luminosity on the absolute magnitude of the optical host galaxy could be due to the Malmquist bias, where a redshift-luminosity correlation appears in a flux-limited sample because of an observational selection effect. In such a sample, the redshift dependence of a phenomenon could appear as a luminosity-dependent effect and may not be really representing an intrinsic property of the radio sample. We test this on the radio complete MRC (Molonglo Reference Catalog) sample, where Spearman rank correlation and…
Weight sharing in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) ensures that their feature maps will be translation-equivariant. However, although conventional convolutions are equivariant to translation, they are not equivariant to other isometries of the input image data, such as rotation and reflection. For the classification of astronomical objects such as radio galaxies, which are expected statistically to be globally orientation invariant, this lack of dihedral equivariance means that a conventional CNN must learn explicitly to classify all rotated versions of a particular type of object individu…
The relative positions of the high and low surface brightness regions of radio-loud active galaxies in the 3CR sample were found by Fanaroff and Riley to be correlated with their luminosity. We revisit this canonical relationship with a sample of 5805 extended radio-loud AGN from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), compiling the most complete dataset of radio-galaxy morphological information obtained to date. We demonstrate that, for this sample, radio luminosity does *not* reliably predict whether a source is edge-brightened (FRII) or centre-brightened (FRI). We highlight a large populati…
The enigmatic class of Fanaroff-Riley type 0 (FR0) radio galaxies is emerging as the missing link between the faint yet numerous population of compact radio sources in nearby galaxies and the canonical Fanaroff-Riley classification scheme. This letter reports the first gamma-ray identification of three FR0 galaxies above 1 GeV using more than a decade of the Fermi Large Area Telescope observations. A cumulative gamma-ray emission at >5 sigma significance was also detected from the gamma-ray unresolved FR0 sources using the stacking technique, suggesting the FR0 population to be a gamma-ray emi…
Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be divided into two major classes, namely radio loud and radio quiet AGNs. A small subset of the radio-loud AGNs is called blazars, which are believed to be unified with Fanaroff & Riley type I/II (FRI/II) radio galaxies. Following our previous work (Fan et al. 2011), we present a sample of 2400 sources with measured radio flux densities of the core and extended components. The sample contains 250 BL Lacs, 520 quasars, 175 Seyferts, 1178 galaxies, 153 Fanaroff & Riley type I and type II galaxies and 104 unidentified sources. We then calculate the radio core-do…
We present an analytical model for the evolution of extended active galactic nuclei (AGNs) throughout their full lifecycle, including the initial jet expansion, lobe formation, and eventual remnant phases. A particular focus of our contribution is on the early jet expansion phase, which is traditionally not well captured in analytical models. We implement this model within the Radio AGN in Semi-Analytic Environments (RAiSE) framework, and find that the predicted radio source dynamics are in good agreement with hydrodynamic simulations of both low-powered Fanaroff-Riley Type-I and high-powered …
In this paper we report the discovery and detailed radio/X-ray analysis of a peculiar giant radio galaxy (GRG) detected by INTEGRAL, IGR J14488-4008. The source has been recently classified as a Seyfert 1.2 galaxy at redshift 0.123; the radio data denote the source to be a type II Fanaroff-Riley radio galaxy, with a linear projected size exceeding 1.5 Mpc, clearly assigning IGR J14488-4008 to the class of GRG. In the X-rays, the source shows a remarkable spectrum, characterised by absorption by ionised elements, a characteristic so far found in only other four broad line radio galaxies.
Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be divided into two major classes, namely radio-loud and radio-quiet AGNs. A small subset of the radio-loud AGNs is called blazars, which are believed to be unified with Fanaroff-Riley type I and type II (FRI&II) radio galaxies. Following our previous work, we present a latest sample of 966 sources with measured radio flux densities of the core and extended components. The sample includes 83 BL Lacs, 473 FSRQs, 101 Seyferts, 245 galaxies, 52 FRIs&IIs and 12 unidentified sources. We then calculate the radio core-dominance parameters and spectral indices and stu…
The radiative and jet power in active galactic nuclei is generated by accretion of material on to supermassive galactic-centre black holes. For quasars, where the radiative power is by definition very high, objects with high radio luminosities form around 10 per cent of the population, although it is not clear whether this is a stable phase. Traditionally, quasars with high radio luminosities have been thought to present jets with edge-brightened morphology (Fanaroff-Riley II - FR II) due to the limitations of previous radio surveys (i.e., FRIs were not observed as part of the quasar populatio…
Recently, Rakshit et al. (2018) reported the discovery of SDSS J103024.95$+$551622.7, a radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy having a $\sim 100$ kpc scale double-lobed radio structure. Here we analyse archival radio interferometric imaging data taken with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 5 GHz, and with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 4.3 and 7.6 GHz. Two hotspots and a compact core are detected with the VLA at arcsec scale, while a single milliarcsec-scale compact radio core is seen with the highest resolution VLBA observations. The Fermi Large Area Telescope did not detect $γ$-ray emi…
Based on their differing radio morphologies, powerful radio galaxies can be separated into the Fanaroff-Riley I (FR-I) and II (FR-II) classes. Hybrid morphology radio sources (HyMoRS) contain morphologies consistent with each type of jet on either side: a powerful, highly relativistic FR-II-like jet terminating in a hotspot on one side and an FRI-like plume on the other. HyMoRS present a unique opportunity to study the conditions which give rise to the dichotomy. Using host galaxy properties, we conduct the first multiwavelength investigation into whether orientation can explain HyMoRS morphol…
The jets from active galactic nuclei exhibit stability which seems to be far superior compared to that of terrestrial and laboratory jets. They manage to propagate over distances up to a billion of initial jet radii. Yet this may not be an indication of some exotic physics but mainly a reflection of the specific environment these jets propagate through. The key property of this environment is a rapid decline of density and pressure along the jet, which promotes its rapid expansion. Such an expansion can suppress global instabilities, which require communication across the jet, and hence ensure…
We present a model describing the evolution of Fanaroff-Riley type I and II radio AGN, and the transition between these classes. We quantify galaxy environments using a semi-analytic galaxy formation model, and apply our model to a volume-limited low redshift ($0.03 \leqslant z \leqslant 0.1$) sample of observed AGN to determine the distribution of jet powers and active lifetimes at the present epoch. Radio sources in massive galaxies are found to remain active for longer, spend less time in the quiescent phase, and inject more energy into their hosts than their less massive counterparts. The …
The orientation of the jet axis to the line of sight of the observer plays a major role in explaining the phenomena observed from blazars and radio galaxies. In the gamma-ray band, only a handful of radio galaxies have been identified, all being located in the nearby Universe (z<0.5). Here we report the identification of 4FGL J1435.5+2021, associated with TXS 1433+205, as a Fanaroff-Riley type II (FR II) radio galaxy at a considerably higher redshift of z=0.748, thereby making it the most distant gamma-ray detected radio galaxy known as of now. The Very Large Array Sky Survey data at 3 GHz res…
Current wide-area radio surveys are dominated by active galactic nuclei, yet many of these sources have no identified optical counterparts. Here we investigate whether one can constrain the nature and properties of these sources, using Fanaroff-Riley type II (FRII) radio galaxies as probes. These sources are easy to identify since the angular separation of their lobes remains almost constant at some tens of arcseconds for z>1. Using a simple algorithm applied to the FIRST survey, we obtain the largest FRII sample to date, containing over ten thousand double-lobed sources. A subset of 459 sourc…
We present optical imaging and spectroscopic studies of the Fanaroff \& Riley class I (FR I) radio galaxy CTD 086 based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) observations. We use isophote shape analysis to show that there is no stellar disk component within CTD 086 and further that the morphological class of the galaxy is most likely E2. Optical spectroscopy of this galaxy reveals the presence of narrow emission lines only, and thus it qualifies to be termed as a narrow-line radio galaxy (type 2 AGN). We also extract stellar kinematics from the absorption-line spe…
We present a model for generating postage stamp images of synthetic Fanaroff-Riley Class I and Class II radio galaxies suitable for use in simulations of future radio surveys such as those being developed for the Square Kilometre Array. This model uses a fully-connected neural network to implement structured variational inference through a variational auto-encoder and decoder architecture. In order to optimise the dimensionality of the latent space for the auto-encoder we introduce the radio morphology inception score (RAMIS), a quantitative method for assessing the quality of generated images…
We present a detailed study of the galaxy cluster Abell 795 and of its central Fanaroff-Riley Type 0 (FR0) radio galaxy. From an archival Chandra observation, we found a dynamically disturbed environment with evidences for sloshing of the intracluster medium. We argue that the environment alone cannot explain the compactness of the radio galaxy, as similar conditions are also found around extended sources. We identified a pair of putative X-ray cavities in the proximity of the center: These could have been created in a past outburst of the FR0, and dragged away by the large-scale gas movement.…
FR0 radio galaxy jets -- I. linking jet dynamics and high-energy emission in LEDA 55267 and LEDA 58287
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo（圣埃斯皮里图联邦大学）；Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)（巴拉那联邦大学）；Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná（巴拉那联邦技术大学）；Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)（朗德里纳州立大学）；Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana（拉丁美洲联邦大学）
We investigate the role of environment on radio galaxy properties by constructing a sample of large ($\gtrsim100$~kpc), nearby ($z<0.3$) radio sources identified as part of the Radio Galaxy Zoo citizen science project. Our sample consists of 16 Fanaroff-Riley Type II (FR-II) sources, 6 FR-I sources, and one source with a hybrid morphology. FR-I sources appear to be hosted by more massive galaxies, consistent with previous studies. In the FR-II sample, we compare the degree of asymmetry in radio lobe properties to asymmetry in the radio source environment, quantified through optical galaxy clus…
We investigate the ability of jets in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to break out of the ambient gas with sufficiently large advance velocities. Using observationally estimated jet power, we analyze 28 bright elliptical galaxies in nearby galaxy clusters. Because the gas density profiles in the innermost regions of galaxies have not been resolved so far, we consider two extreme cases for temperature and density profiles. We also follow two types of evolution for the jet cocoons: being driven by the pressure inside the cocoon (Fanaroff-Riley [FR] I type), and being driven by the jet momentum (FR…
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) show a range of morphologies and dynamical properties, which are determined not only by parameters intrinsic to the central engine but also their interaction with the surrounding environment. We investigate the connection of kiloparsec scale AGN jet properties to their intrinsic parameters and surroundings. This is done using a suite of 40 relativistic hydrodynamic simulations spanning a wide range of engine luminosities and opening angles. We explore AGN jet propagation with different ambient density profiles, including $r^{-2}$ (self-similar solution) and $r^{-1}…
This article gives a brief historical introduction and reviews our current understanding of jets in radio galaxies and quasars from an observational perspective, with an emphasis on observations at radio wavelengths. Recent results on the Fanaroff-Riley classification scheme, and the nature of radio structures and jets in the FR classes as well as in high-excitation and low-excitation radio galaxies are summarized. The collimation and propagation of jets from nuclear sub-pc to hundreds of kpc scales from both observatinoal and theoretical work have been discussed. The jets exhibit evidence of …
We report observations of a bright dumb-bell system of galaxies ($z =0.162$) with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope ($u$GMRT), which show that each member of this gravitationally bound pair of galaxies hosts bipolar radio jets extended on 100 kiloparsec scales. Only two cases of such radio morphology have been reported previously, both being dumb-bell systems, as well. The famous first example, 3C 75, was discovered 4 decades ago, and the second case was discovered 3 decades ago. This implies that such `Twin-Radio-Galaxies' (TRGs) are an exceedingly rare phenomenon. As in the case o…
Upcoming surveys with new radio observatories such as the Square Kilometer Array will generate a wealth of imaging data containing large numbers of radio galaxies. Different classes of radio galaxies can be used as tracers of the cosmic environment, including the dark matter density field, to address key cosmological questions. Classifying these galaxies based on morphology is thus an important step toward achieving the science goals of next generation radio surveys. Radio galaxies have been traditionally been classified as Fanaroff-Riley (FR) I and II, although some exhibit more complex 'bent…
We present results of an imaging observation of the central region of a giant radio galaxy B1358+305. The classical, standard scenario of Fanaroff-Riley II radio galaxies suggests that shock produced hot electrons contained in a radio galaxy are a good reservoir of the jet-supplied energy from active nuclei. The aim of our observation is to search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect induced by these hot electrons. The observation was performed at 21 GHz with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. Deep imaging observation of a wide region of size 6.7'x6.7' with the beam size theta_HPBW=81.2" enables the mo…
Hybrid morphology radio sources (HyMoRS) are a rare group of radio galaxies in which differing Fanaroff & Riley morphologies (FR I/II) are observed for each of the two lobes. While they potentially provide insights into the formation of lobe structure, particle acceleration, and the FR dichotomy, previous work on HyMoRS has mainly been limited to low-resolution studies, searches for new candidates, and milliarcsecond-scale VLBI observations of the core region. In this paper, we use new multi-array configuration Very Large Array (VLA) observations between 1 and 8 GHz to determine the morphology…
We present the first Chandra detection of a single X-ray cavity within the interstellar medium of the small Fanaroff-Riley type I (FRI) radio galaxy NGC 5141. The X-ray surface brightness depression, located $\approx 4$ kpc away from the galaxy center, is projected on the northern radio lobe, which is completely contained within the galaxy. The thermal gas surrounding the cavity, which extends to $\approx$ 20 kpc, has a bolometric X-ray luminosity (0.1 - 100 keV) of L${_X}\approx2\times10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and a temperature of $kT\approx0.8$ keV. We calculated the total energy (E$_{cav} = 4PV…
We have observed the steep spectrum radio source B2 0924+30 using the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) telescope. Hosted by a z=0.026 elliptical galaxy, it has a relatively large angular size of 12' (corresponding to 360 kpc projected linear size) and a morphology reminiscent of a remnant Fanaroff-Riley type II (FRII) radio galaxy. We combine LOFAR and archival images to study the spectral properties at a spatial resolution of 1'. We derive low frequency spectral index maps and use synchrotron ageing models to infer ages for different regions of the source. Using radiative ageing model fitting we s…
We present the multiwavelength properties of 266 cataloged radio sources identified with 20 and 6 cm VLA deep observations of the CDFS at a flux density limit of 42 μJy at the field centre at 1.4 GHz. These new observations probe the faint end of both the star formation and radio galaxy/AGN population. X-ray data, including upper limits, turn out to be a key factor in establishing the nature of faint radio sources. We find that, while the well-known flattening of the radio number counts below 1 mJy is mostly due to star forming galaxies, these sources and AGN make up an approximately equal fra…
