MSAlign: 用于代谢物鉴定的分子和质谱基础模型对齐方法
MSAlign: Aligning Molecule and Mass Spectra representations for Metabolite Identification
AI总结:
本研究提出MSAlign方法,通过多模态对齐技术对齐分子和质谱基础模型,以提高代谢物鉴定的准确性,并解决了数据分割策略中的分布偏移问题。
摘要:
准确地从质谱数据中识别代谢物(即小分子)仍然是代谢组学中的核心挑战,广泛应用于药物发现、环境分析和临床研究。我们解决了分子检索任务,即从给定的候选分子中恢复代谢物的化学结构,基于其MS/MS光谱。尽管最近发布的基准数据集如MassSpecGym和Spectraverse大大加速了新型机器学习方法的发展,但数据预处理管道的复杂性和缺乏统一的实现使得方法和结果难以重复和比较。我们做出了三个贡献。首先,我们提出一个统一的框架,涵盖了基于表示对齐和对比学习的最新方法。其次,我们引入MSAlign,受多模态对齐在视觉-语言模型中的启发,通过轻量级MLP投影学习共享的表示空间,通过基于候选的对比目标对两个冻结的基础模型(DreaMS用于质谱和ChemBERTa用于分子)进行对齐。MSAlign易于实现,训练速度快,并在所有基准测试中一致地优于现有方法。第三,我们研究了一个长期存在的评估问题:分子检索中的数据分割策略在数据泄漏和领域偏移之间进行权衡。我们通过引入分布偏移的定量度量来正式化这种张力,并利用它来评估现有基准中的分割策略。所有数据集、分割、候选集以及MSAlign和基线的统一实现已公开发布,以支持可重复的研究。
英文摘要:
Accurately identifying metabolites i.e. small molecules from mass spectrometry data remains a core challenge in metabolomics, with broad applications in drug discovery, environmental analysis, and clinical research. We address the Molecule Retrieval task, which consists in recovering the chemical structure of a metabolite from its MS/MS spectrum given a set of candidate molecules. We make three contributions. First, we propose a unified framework encompassing recent approaches based on representation alignment and contrastive learning. Second, we introduce MSAlign, a lightweight model that achieves state-of-the art performances by aligning two frozen foundation models (DreaMS for mass spectra and MolDeBERTa for molecules) and demonstrate that a score fusion strategy further improves the performance for a very small computational cost. Third, we investigate a long-standing evaluation problem: data splitting strategies in molecule retrieval implicitly trade off data leakage against domain shift. We formalize this tension by introducing a quantitative measure of distribution shift, and use it to evaluate splitting strategies in existing benchmarks. All datasets, splits, candidate sets, and a unified implementation of MSAlign and baselines are publicly released to support reproducible research.
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