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arXiv 2605.13635astro-ph.GA
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追溯无恒星和预恒星核心中的硫耗竭

Tracing the sulfur depletion in starless and pre-stellar cores

Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所)

L. Schöller, S. Spezzano, O. Sipilä, E. I. Makarenko, P. Caselli, H. A. Bunn, S. S. Jensen

AI总结:

研究无恒星和预恒星核心中硫的耗竭现象,通过测量硫bearing分子的丰度及其与核心演化和环境影响的关系,揭示硫化学的复杂性。

摘要:

硫是宇宙中最丰富的元素之一,但通过观测密集核心中硫bearing分子推断出的硫预算显著低于预期。无恒星和预恒星核心代表恒星形成的最早阶段,为研究导致硫耗竭的物理和化学过程提供了实验室。我们通过测量硫bearing分子的丰度及其反映核心演化和环境效应的方式,来约束密集核心中的硫化学。我们观测了九个位于塔罗斯分子云中的核心,针对13种硫bearing分子,包括CS、CCS、C₃S、OCS、SO、SO₂、H₂CS及其同位素。分子丰度和六个丰度比值被与三种进化示踪剂:H₂柱密度、N₂D+/N₂H+和CO耗竭因子进行比较。我们还比较了观测结果与具有不同初始硫丰度的0D化学模型。我们发现核心间丰度存在变化。L1517B表现出低丰度和高耗竭因子,而L1495B在L1495丝状结构中显示出增强的氧bearing物种水平。追踪碳bearing和氧bearing物种的比值(CCS/³⁴SO和C³⁴S/³⁴SO)随着H₂柱密度和N₂D+/N₂H+比值的增加而降低。其他物种和比值与示踪剂的相关性较弱或无。模型对OCS、H₂CS和HDCS的预测较为合理,但并非所有物种同时被预测,尤其是碳bearing和氧bearing分子之间。这些变化和缺乏一致相关性的现象表明,单一进化参数无法描述硫化学,而局部环境条件强烈影响观测到的丰度。重现所有硫bearing分子的完整样本需要改进的化学网络和模型,以考虑核心的物理结构。

英文摘要:

Sulfur is one of the most abundant elements in the Universe, yet the sulfur budget inferred from the observed sulfur-bearing molecules in dense cores is significantly lower than expected. Starless and pre-stellar cores represent the earliest stages of star formation and provide a laboratory for studying the physical and chemical processes that cause sulfur depletion. We aim to constrain sulfur chemistry in dense cores by measuring abundances of sulfur-bearing molecules and how they reflect core evolution and environmental effects. We observed nine cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud, targeting 13 sulfur-bearing molecules, including CS, CCS, C$_3$S, OCS, SO, SO$_2$, H$_2$CS, and isotopologs. Molecular abundances and six abundance ratios were compared to three evolutionary tracers: H$_2$ column density, N$_2$D$^+$/N$_2$H$^+$, and the CO depletion factor. We also compared observations with 0D chemical models with different initial sulfur abundances. We find variations in abundances across cores. L1517B exhibits low abundances and a high depletion factor, whereas L1495B shows enhanced levels in oxygen-bearing species within the L1495 filament. Ratios tracing carbon- and oxygen-bearing species (CCS/$^{34}$SO and C$^{34}$S/$^{34}$SO) decrease with increasing H$_2$ column density and N$_2$D$^+$/N$_2$H$^+$ ratio. Other species and ratios show weak or no correlation with tracers. Models reproduce OCS, H$_2$CS, and HDCS reasonably well, but not all species simultaneously, especially between carbon- and oxygen-bearing molecules. The variations and lack of consistent correlations suggest that a single evolutionary parameter cannot describe sulfur chemistry and that the local environmental conditions strongly influence the observed abundances. Reproducing the full sample of sulfur-bearing molecules would require improved chemical networks and models that account for the core's physical structure.

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