空间政治的计算模型：Hotelling-Downs模型作为统计物理学
A computational model of spatial politics: Hotelling-Downs model as statistical physics
AI总结：
本文扩展了Hotelling-Downs模型到二维空间，探讨政党位置对极化的影响，发现两党制可减少极化，而多党制则加剧极化，且选民参与度和活动家影响会加剧极化。
摘要：
Hotelling-Downs模型考虑政党通过改变政策以最大化选民份额。在左右政策轴上，该模型描述了政党倾向于向中间立场靠拢的趋势，这与广泛观察到的政治极化现象形成对比。本文将模型扩展到二维空间，考虑多个政党以及单峰或多峰选民分布。研究发现，两党制即使在选民具有双峰分布的情况下也能减少极化，而多党制即使大多数选民倾向于中间立场也会导致极化。本文还建模了投票率和活动家对政党位置的影响，表明这会导致极化加剧，即使在两党制中也是如此。这表明政党极化可能由缺席、党内政治和极端投票率驱动。在两党制情况下，获胜政党位置比其支持者更温和，但更能代表全体选民。在极化情况下，个体选民更有可能找到代表自己观点的政党，但政府（胜者或联盟）对人口的代表性较差，即使人口在所有问题上都有明确共识。
英文摘要：
The Hotelling-Downs model considers parties changing policy to maximise their vote-share. Where policy position lies on a left-right axis, it describes a tendency for political parties to move towards centrist platforms. This is in contrast with widely observed political polarisation. We extend the model to two dimensions, with many parties and with single and multiple-peaked voter distribution. We find that a two party system reduces polarisation, even if voters are polarised with a bimodal distribution. By contrast, multiparty systems induce polarisation, even when most voters favour moderate position. We model the effect of turnout and activists as influences on the parties, showing that this results in more polarisation, even in a two-party system. This suggests that polarisation of parties can be driven by abstention, intra-party politics and turnout on the extremes. In the two-party case, the winning party's positions are more moderate than the views of their supporters but better representative of the electorate as a whole. With polarisation, individual voters are better able to find a party which represents their views, but the government (winning part or coalition) is less representative of the population, even when the population has a clear consensus on all issues.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
