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arXiv 2605.04670hep-ph
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暴胀子 $Z_2$ 对称性破缺后希格斯预加热产生的引力波

Gravitational Waves from Higgs Preheating after Inflaton $Z_2$-Symmetry Breaking

Southwest University of Science and Technology（西南科技大学）；Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学）；Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering（重庆工程职业技术学院）

Hua Zhou, Qing Yu, Wei Cheng, Ruo-Peng Zhang

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12 pages, 6 figures
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AI总结：

本文通过格点模拟研究暴胀子 $Z_2$ 对称性破缺后的希格斯预加热，发现参数共振产生振幅约 $10^{-6}$ 的高频引力波，红移后峰值频率约 $10^9$ Hz，振幅约 $10^{-10}$，有望被未来谐振腔探测器探测。

摘要：

本文利用非微扰格点模拟研究了暴胀子 $Z_2$ 对称性在暴胀期间破缺后的希格斯预加热过程及其伴随的引力波（GW）背景。这种对称性破缺在预加热期间产生了暴胀子-希格斯的三线性与四线性相互作用。四线性暴胀子-希格斯耦合由 $q_{\phi h}\equiv \lambda_{\phi h}/\lambda_\phi$ 表征，而三线性相互作用通过 $q_{\phi h}$ 和 $q_\epsilon\equiv m_\phi/(\sqrt{\lambda_\phi}\phi_0)$ 共同进入。希格斯自耦合参数 $q_h\equiv \lambda_h/\lambda_\phi$ 决定了由希格斯自相互作用诱导的有效质量所引发的反作用开始的时间。我们的模拟表明，有效的预加热需要足够宽的共振带和延迟的反作用。对于 $\lambda_\phi=10^{-13}$，可行的参数区域约为 $q_{\phi h}>10$，$q_h<10^3$，$q_\epsilon<10^{-5}$。较小的 $q_\epsilon$ 使系统保持在四线性主导的区域，并抑制共振带的快速漂移，而较小的 $q_h$ 通过减弱自相互作用诱导的反作用来延迟预加热的结束。放大的希格斯不均匀性通过各向异性应力张量的横向无迹部分产生引力波。格点结果显示，引力波谱在参数共振期间快速增长，通过重散射展宽，并在非线性阶段饱和。在晚期，谱发展出一个宽峰，产生时振幅 $\Omega_{\rm gw}\sim10^{-6}$。红移到现在后，峰值频率为 $f\sim10^9\\,{\rm Hz}$，今天的振幅为 $\Omega_{\rm gw,0} h^2 \sim 10^{-10}$。这些结果表明，来自希格斯预加热的高频引力波可能被未来的谐振腔探测器探测到。

英文摘要：

In this paper, nonperturbative lattice simulations are used to study Higgs preheating and the associated gravitational wave (GW) background after the inflaton $Z_2$ symmetry is broken during inflation. This symmetry breaking generates both trilinear and quartic inflaton-Higgs interactions during preheating. The quartic inflaton-Higgs coupling is characterized by $q_{ϕh}\equiv λ_{ϕh}/λ_ϕ$, while the trilinear interaction enters jointly through $q_{ϕh}$ and $q_ε\equiv m_ϕ/(\sqrt{λ_ϕ}ϕ_0)$. The Higgs self-coupling parameter $q_h\equiv λ_h/λ_ϕ$ determines the onset of backreaction through the effective mass induced by Higgs self-interactions. Our simulations show that efficient preheating requires both a sufficiently broad resonance band and delayed backreaction. For $λ_ϕ=10^{-13}$, the viable parameter region is approximately $q_{ϕh}>10$, $q_h<10^3$, and $q_ε<10^{-5}$. Smaller $q_ε$ keeps the system in a quartic-dominated regime and suppresses the rapid drift of resonance bands, while smaller $q_h$ delays the end of preheating by weakening self-interaction-induced backreaction. The amplified Higgs inhomogeneities source GW through the transverse-traceless part of the anisotropic stress tensor. The lattice results show that the GW spectrum grows rapidly during parametric resonance, broadens through rescattering, and saturates in the nonlinear stage. At late times, the spectrum develops a broad peak with amplitude $Ω_{\rm gw}\sim10^{-6}$ at production. After redshifting to the present day, the peak frequency is $f\sim10^9\,{\rm Hz}$ with present-day amplitude $Ω_{\rm gw,0} h^2 \sim 10^{-10}$. These results suggest that high-frequency GW from Higgs preheating may be detectable by future resonant-cavity detectors.

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