迈向欧洲氢能市场设计：来自传输系统运营商的视角
Towards European Hydrogen Market Design: Perspectives from Transmission System Operators
AI总结：
本文探讨了未来氢能市场设计能否借鉴现有天然气市场，并分析了早期氢能市场面临的关键挑战，包括供需时间错配、存储限制及监管不确定性。
摘要：
尽管氢能是欧洲去碳化战略的核心，但仅有少量可再生能源氢能项目达到最终投资决策。关键障碍在于对未来氢能市场设计和运作的不确定性，特别是在可再生非生物燃料要求下。本研究探讨了未来氢能市场设计能否从现有天然气市场适应，并需解决的挑战。分析基于针对欧洲天然气传输系统运营商的调查，围绕五个组成部分：市场设计原则、交易框架、容量分配、费率和平衡。调查产生了两个成果：机制可转移性评估和早期氢能市场发展的挑战识别。核心市场设计原则和交易框架可从天然气市场借鉴，如准入退出系统和虚拟交易点。容量分配需要有针对性的适应以改善与电力市场的耦合。费率需要通过跨时期成本分配进行调整，将基础设施成本分摊到时间以保护早期采用者。平衡机制应重新审视以反映氢能的物理特性及不同线路包灵活性用途。早期氢能市场面临的关键挑战包括：可再生能源供应与预期相对稳定工业需求之间的时间错配，由于存储有限和管道线路包减少导致的操作灵活性有限，区域氢能集群碎片化，以及影响长期投资决策的监管不确定性。这些发现为欧洲氢能网络代码提供了实证输入，并为政策制定者设计氢能市场框架提供了指导。
英文摘要：
Despite hydrogen being central to Europe's decarbonisation strategy, only a small share of renewable hydrogen projects reached final investment decision. A key barrier is uncertainty about how future hydrogen markets will be designed and operated, particularly under Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin requirements. This study investigates the extent to which future hydrogen market design can be adapted from existing natural gas markets, and the challenges it must address. The analysis was based on a survey on future hydrogen market design targeting European gas transmission system operators, the stakeholder group responsible for operating the network and implementing the Network Codes. The survey provided an assessment of mechanism transferability and identified challenges for the early development of the hydrogen market. Core market design principles and trading frameworks are broadly transferable from natural gas markets, as entry-exit systems and virtual trading points. Capacity allocation requires targeted adaptation to improve coupling with electricity markets. Tariffs require adaptation through intertemporal cost allocation, distributing infrastructure costs over time to protect early adopters. Balancing regimes should be revisited to reflect hydrogen's physical characteristics and different linepack flexibility usages. Key challenges for early hydrogen markets include: temporal mismatches between variable renewable supply and expected relatively stable industrial demand, limited operational flexibility due to scarce storage and reduced pipeline linepack, fragmented regional hydrogen clusters, and regulatory uncertainty affecting long-term investment decisions. These findings provide empirical input to the hydrogen Network Codes and offer guidance to policymakers designing hydrogen market frameworks.
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