基于贝叶斯建模的科拉茨停止时间研究:一种概率机器学习视角
Bayesian Modeling of Collatz Stopping Times: A Probabilistic Machine Learning Perspective
AI总结:
本文从概率机器学习角度研究科拉茨停止时间,提出两种模型:基于负二项回归的预测模型和基于奇数块分解的生成模型,揭示低阶模数结构对停止时间异质性的影响。
摘要:
我们从概率机器学习的角度研究了n≤10^7的科拉茨总停止时间τ(n)。经验上,τ(n)是一个偏斜且高度过分散的计数变量,具有显著的算术异质性。我们开发了两种互补模型。首先,一种基于贝叶斯分层负二项回归(NB2-GLM)的模型通过简单的协变量(log n和模8的余数类)预测τ(n),并通过后验和后验预测分布量化不确定性。其次,我们提出了一种基于奇数块分解的机理生成近似方法:对于奇数m,将3m+1表示为2^{K(m)}m',其中m'为奇数,K(m)=v_2(3m+1)≥1;随机化这些块长度可以得到一个通过狄利克雷-多项式更新校准的随机近似。在留出数据上,NB2-GLM的预测似然显著高于奇数块生成器。将块长度分布条件在m mod 8上显著提高了生成器的分布拟合度,表明低阶模数结构是τ(n)异质性的关键驱动因素。
英文摘要:
We study the Collatz total stopping time $τ(n)$ over $n\le 10^7$ from a probabilistic machine learning viewpoint. Empirically, $τ(n)$ is a skewed and heavily overdispersed count with pronounced arithmetic heterogeneity. We develop two complementary models. First, a Bayesian hierarchical Negative Binomial regression (NB2-GLM) predicts $τ(n)$ from simple covariates ($\log n$ and residue class $n \bmod 8$), quantifying uncertainty via posterior and posterior predictive distributions. Second, we propose a mechanistic generative approximation based on the odd-block decomposition: for odd $m$, write $3m+1=2^{K(m)}m'$ with $m'$ odd and $K(m)=v_2(3m+1)\ge 1$; randomizing these block lengths yields a stochastic approximation calibrated via a Dirichlet-multinomial update. On held-out data, the NB2-GLM achieves substantially higher predictive likelihood than the odd-block generators. Conditioning the block-length distribution on $m\bmod 8$ markedly improves the generator's distributional fit, indicating that low-order modular structure is a key driver of heterogeneity in $τ(n)$.
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