关于最佳可能的一次性程序
On Best-Possible One-Time Programs
AI总结:
本文提出了一种状态化的量子不可区分混淆,用于构建最佳可能的一次性程序,以实现最强的一次性安全。
摘要:
一次性程序(OTPs)旨在让用户在单个输入上评估程序的同时,不泄露其他信息。经典OTP需要硬件假设,即使在量子信息的情况下,对于确定性功能的OTP仍然不可能,因为存在温和测量攻击(Broadbent, Gutoski和Stebila,2013)。尽管最近的工作在某些随机功能上取得了积极成果,但基本限制和最强的可证明安全概念仍然理解不足。在本文中,我们寻求一个“最佳可能”的OTP,它能够通过任何OTP构造实现的最强一次性安全。我们首先证明,即使对于经典随机功能,通用的最佳可能一次编译器也不存在(假设存在损失加密方案)。鉴于这种不可能性,我们引入了一种自然的一次编译器子类,称为“可测试的一次程序”编译器,它们输出量子状态并附加这些程序状态的反射 oracle。我们证明,最佳可能的可测试 OTP 编译器可以通过(1)为量子通道制定广义的单有效查询(SEQ)模拟安全概念,并证明 SEQ 安全性意味着最佳可能的可测试一次性安全,以及(2)在经典 oracle 模型中为所有量子功能构造 SEQ-安全的 OTPs。这产生了第一个针对任意量子通道的 OTP,超越了经典随机功能。最后,我们提出了状态化的量子不可区分混淆(stateful quantum iO)——用于状态化的量子程序的量子状态混淆。我们证明了(1)状态化的量子 iO 意味着最佳可能的可测试 OTPs 和(2)状态化的量子 iO 也可以在经典 oracle 模型中实现。这些结果将状态化的量子 iO 确定为朝着最佳可能的可测试 OTPs 的有前途的方法。
英文摘要:
One-time programs (OTPs) aim to let a user evaluate a program on a single input while revealing nothing else. Classical OTPs require hardware. Quantum measurement suggests a physical basis for one-time use, yet deterministic functionalities remain impossible due to gentle-measurement attacks (Broadbent, Gutoski and Stebila, 2013). Recent constructions cover randomized functionalities with high-entropy outputs (Gunn, Movassagh 2025; Gupte et al., 2025), but the strongest achievable security remains unclear. Inspired by classical obfuscation, we ask for a "best-possible" one-time compiler that, for any functionality, leaks the least information compared with any other one-time implementation. We prove that such a generic compiler cannot exist even for classical randomized functionalities assuming $\mathsf{SZK} \not\subseteq \mathsf{BQP}$. We then identify a natural subclass: testable OTP compilers, which output quantum states augmented with reflection programs for themselves. We formulate a simplified, generalized Single-Effective-Query (SEQ) simulation security notion for quantum channels, using self-adjoint implementations whose behavior under arbitrary quantum interactions depends only on the channel. SEQ security implies best-possible testable one-time security. We construct SEQ-secure OTPs for all quantum functionalities in the classical oracle model, giving the first positive results for arbitrary quantum channels beyond classical randomized functionalities. SEQ security could thus serve as a testable one-time analogue of virtual black-box (VBB) security. Finally, we propose stateful quantum indistinguishability obfuscation (stateful quantum iO): quantum state obfuscation for stateful quantum programs. It implies best-possible testable OTPs and is achievable in the classical oracle model, offering an approach towards best-possible testable OTPs in the plain model.
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