端到端可微校准与重建光学粒子探测器
End-to-end Differentiable Calibration and Reconstruction for Optical Particle Detectors
AI总结：
本文提出首个端到端可微光学粒子探测器模拟器，通过梯度优化实现校准与重建，提升模拟精度与效率，为粒子物理实验提供新方法。
摘要：
大规模均匀探测器在粒子探测中广泛应用，如切连科夫和闪烁体中微子探测器是典型例子。实验物理分析依赖高保真模拟器将传感器级信息转化为感兴趣的物理量。这项任务关键依赖于准确的校准，将模拟行为与真实探测器数据对齐，并依赖跟踪，从光学信号推断粒子属性。我们提出首个端到端可微光学粒子探测器模拟器，通过基于梯度的优化实现同时校准与重建。我们的方法将传统视为独立问题的模拟、校准和跟踪统一到单一可微框架中。我们证明其在光生成、传播和检测的所有关键阶段均能实现平滑且物理上合理的梯度，同时保持计算效率。我们展示基于梯度的校准与重建极大简化了现有分析流程，并在准确性和速度上匹配或超越传统非可微方法。此外，该框架的模块化特性允许轻松适应不同探测器几何形状和目标材料，为实验设计和优化提供灵活的基础。结果表明，该技术已准备好在当前和未来的光学探测器实验中采用，建立粒子物理中模拟和重建的新范式。
英文摘要：
Large-scale homogeneous detectors with optical readouts are widely used in particle detection, with Cherenkov and scintillator neutrino detectors as prominent examples. Analyses in experimental physics rely on high-fidelity simulators to translate sensor-level information into physical quantities of interest. This task critically depends on accurate calibration, which aligns simulation behavior with real detector data, and on tracking, which infers particle properties from optical signals. We present the first end-to-end differentiable optical particle detector simulator, enabling simultaneous calibration and reconstruction through gradient-based optimization. Our approach unifies simulation, calibration, and tracking, which are traditionally treated as separate problems, within a single differentiable framework. We demonstrate that it achieves smooth and physically meaningful gradients across all key stages of light generation, propagation, and detection while maintaining computational efficiency. We show that gradient-based calibration and reconstruction greatly simplify existing analysis pipelines while matching or surpassing the performance of conventional non-differentiable methods in both accuracy and speed. Moreover, the framework's modularity allows straightforward adaptation to diverse detector geometries and target materials, providing a flexible foundation for experiment design and optimization. The results demonstrate the readiness of this technique for adoption in current and future optical detector experiments, establishing a new paradigm for simulation and reconstruction in particle physics.
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