RAMSES-MCR：在动量空间中使用RAMSES代码实现一致的多组处理以处理宇宙射线物理
RAMSES-MCR: A consistent multi-group treatment of cosmic rays physics in momentum-space with the RAMSES code
AI总结：
RAMSES-MCR通过多组方法在动量空间中建模宇宙射线物理，用于研究其对气体动力学和观测特征的影响。
摘要：
宇宙射线（CRs）在许多天体物理环境中扮演着关键角色：它们可以修改激波动力学，影响星际介质的热化学和电离，通过驱动银河风调节银河质量，且可通过γ射线发射、无线电同步辐射和次级粒子产生被释放。由于CR粒子在动量空间中遵循幂律分布，其能量跨度达多个数量级，且由于扩散和辐射损失进一步塑造这些光谱，因此在数值模拟中对解析光谱的CR进行建模，并评估这种建模对气体动力学和观测特征的影响至关重要。我们提出了一种在动量空间中基于双时刻形式的多组光谱方法，用于CR质子，称为RAMSES-MCR，该方法基于适应性网格细化代码RAMSES，同时演化CR在动量空间中的能量和数量密度及其相关通量。所建模的CR过程包括对流、各向异性/各向同性扩散、流不稳定性、库仑和核子损失、绝热变化以及反馈到气体。我们还表明，该方法可以自然地扩展到CR电子（例如包括同步辐射损失）并推广到多种CR物种。该实现已通过一系列标准多维测试进行了验证。最后，我们应用RAMSES-MCR研究超新星残骸的三维扩展，包括具有各向异性扩散和能量损失的CR，并展示CR能量在动量依赖性方式下重新分布，并在雪犁阶段修改气体动量。
英文摘要：
Cosmic rays (CRs) are known to play a key role in many astrophysical environments: they can modify shock dynamics, influence the thermochemistry and the ionization of the interstellar medium, regulate galaxy mass content by driving galactic winds, and be released by jets from active galactic nuclei. They also serve as important observational tracers through $γ$-ray emission, radio synchrotron, and secondary particle production. Since CR particles follow power-law distributions in momentum space spanning many decades in energy, and because diffusion and radiative losses further shape these spectra, it is crucial to model spectrally resolved CRs in numerical simulations and to assess the impact of this modeling on gas dynamics and observational signatures. We present a consistent multi-group spectral method in momentum space for CR protons called RAMSES-MCR in the adaptive mesh refinement code RAMSES, based on the two-moment formalism that evolves both CR energy and number density in momentum space, together with their associated flux. The modeled CR processes include advection, anisotropic/isotropic diffusion, streaming instability, Coulomb and hadronic losses, adiabatic changes, and feedback onto the gas. We also show that the method can be naturally extended to CR electrons (e.g. including synchrotron losses) and generalized to multiple CR species. The implementation is validated against a suite of standard multi-dimensional tests. We finally apply RAMSES-MCR to the three-dimensional expansion of a supernova remnant including CRs with anisotropic diffusion and energy losses, and demonstrate how CR energy redistributes in a momentum-dependent manner and modifies the gas momentum during the snowplough phase.
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