非理想量子测量中的对抗信息增益
Adversarial Information Gain in Non-ideal Quantum Measurements
AI总结：
本文研究了非理想量子测量中对抗者通过隐藏测量获取信息的机制，推导了兼容性条件并给出了信息提取的上限。
摘要：
进行量子测量会得到两种不同的结果：一种是根据Born规则从概率分布中抽出的经典结果，另一种是对应于测量后状态的量子结果。能够提供这两种结果的量子设备可以通过量子仪器来描述。在现实情况下，观察者获得的经典和量子结果可能是非理想的：这可能是由于实验限制，也可能是由对抗性干扰引起的，即一个第二方通过隐藏的测量来获取信息。第二种情况可以通过量子兼容性来解释，因为它意味着观察者的仪器和对抗者的测量可以同时进行。在本工作中，我们展示了观察者设备的噪声如何与对抗者能获得的信息量相关联。我们研究了对抗者旨在在与观察者测量相同的基上或在与观察者基互 unbiased 的基上获取信息的场景。在两种情况下，我们推导出单个非理想量子仪器和噪声计数器的兼容性条件，从而得到对抗者能提取的最大信息量，以观察者仪器的噪声参数为依据。最后，我们从对抗者的角度来看，为相同基的场景提供了设备实现。
英文摘要：
Performing a quantum measurement yields two different results: a classical outcome drawn from a probability distribution, according to Born's rule, and a quantum outcome corresponding to the post-measurement state. Quantum devices that provide both outcomes can be described through quantum instruments. In a realistic scenario, one can expect that the observer's obtained classical and quantum outcomes are non-ideal: this can be due to experimental limitations, but could also be explained by adversarial interference, that is, a second party that disturbs the device through a concealed measurement to obtain information. The second scenario can be interpreted through quantum compatibility, as it implies that both the observer's instrument and the adversary's measurement can be performed simultaneously. In this work, we show how the noise of the observer's device relates to the amount of information that the adversary can obtain. We study scenarios in which the adversary aims to acquire information on the same basis as the observer's measurement, or on a mutually unbiased basis with respect to the observer's basis. In both cases, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the compatibility of a single qubit non-ideal quantum instrument and a noisy meter, from which we obtain the maximum amount of information that the adversary can extract in terms of the noise parameters of the observer's instrument. Finally, we provide the device implementation from the adversary's point of view for the same basis scenario.
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