表面极化纳米成像与倾斜偶极子取向
Nanoscopy of surface polarization with oblique dipole orientations
AI总结：
本研究提出了一种统一的电磁描述框架，用于分析二维材料、薄膜和界面中具有各向异性偶极子响应的极化现象。
摘要：
我们提出了一种通用的电磁描述，用于描述受限于表面且偶极子矩取向倾斜的偶极子，扩展了传统的平面内（IP）和平面外（OOP）处理。这种描述对于描述局部极化在例如范德瓦尔异质结构、分子聚集体薄片以及金属-介电界面中是有用的。该理论适用于任何厚度相对于光波长可以忽略不计的材料，无论材料的几何形状和所接触的介质如何。我们将该形式化应用于单轴激子层，涵盖了大量二维（2D）材料和有机薄片。我们的理论揭示了源自激子偶极子矩平面内和平面外成分的极子共振对。该形式化建议了偶极子矩取向的实验可访问特征，通过近场探针增强。这项工作提出了一个统一的语言，用于描述具有各向异性偶极子响应的二维材料、薄片和界面。
英文摘要：
The boundary conditions imposed by confined dipoles with arbitrary orientation on surfaces are presented, extending the conventional in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) treatments, here applied for planar and cylindrical sheets. Examples include van der Waals heterostructures, thin films of molecular aggregates, and metal-dielectric interfaces. For large dipole strengths, the reflectance peak associated with the dipole oscillation frequency splits into two, revealing the presence of oblique dipoles. The loss function for the dipole sheet reveals pairs of polaritonic resonances originating from the IP and OOP dipole components, accessible through near-field probes. The point-dipole model for s-SNOM shows two distinct peaks, revealing higher sensitivity to dipole obliqueness than reflectance experiments. We apply the model to monolayer WSe$_2$, showing that the oblique dipole formulation with a dipole angle of $5.7^\circ$ yields significant improvements in the qualitative and quantitative agreement with an experiment reported in the literature. This work proposes a unified language for the description of two-dimensional materials, thin films, and interfaces with anisotropic dipolar responses and shows that near-field methods, sensitive to high in-plane momenta, are suitable for measuring such oblique dipoles.
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