在$M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$关系中的因果逆转：对高红移超大质量黑洞质量估计的影响
Causal Reversal in the $M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$ Relation: Implications for High-Redshift Supermassive Black Hole Mass Estimates
AI总结：
研究发现SMBH与宿主星系的因果关系在恒星形成峰值前后逆转，影响高红移超大质量黑洞质量估计的可靠性。
摘要：
将因果发现原理应用于天体物理学数据的新兴方法已产生了关于超大质量黑洞（SMBH）与其宿主星系共同进化的因果本质的肯定结果。观测结果的关键发现表明，在不同星系形态中存在明显的因果逆转：SMBHs因果地影响其螺旋星系宿主的物理参数的演化，而椭圆星系中的SMBHs则是被动的伴星，与宿主星系同步增长。为了进一步探索和确认见解，有必要利用星系模拟来跟踪观测到的因果关系的时间演化，以了解SMBH/星系演化方向的时间性质。我们使用NIHAO宇宙放大模拟套件进行了实验，跟踪单个星系及其中心SMBH质量（$M_\unicode{x25CF}$）和性质，包括中心恒星速度弥散（$σ_0$）。我们重现了真实星系的因果结果，但通过观察到SMBH/星系因果方向在恒星形成峰值前后的明显逆转，增加了清晰度。$M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$关系的因果逆转的含义预示着对高红移超大质量黑洞质量估计的可靠性存在更大的担忧，并对早期时期的过质量黑洞假设提出质疑。为此，我们应用了更新的因果信息缩放关系，预测高红移黑洞质量约为本地$z=0$ SMBH-星系质量比的两数量级更小，因此不会相对于本地$z=0$ SMBH-星系质量比过质量。
英文摘要：
The nascent methodology of applying the principles of causal discovery to astrophysical data has produced affirming results about deeply held theories concerning the causal nature behind the observed coevolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with their host galaxies. The key results from observations have demonstrated an apparent causal reversal across different galaxy morphologies$\unicode{x2014}$SMBHs causally influence the evolution of the physical parameters of their spiral galaxy hosts, whereas SMBHs in elliptical galaxies are passive companions that grow in near lockstep with their hosts. To further explore and ascertain insights, it is necessary to utilize galaxy simulations to track the time evolution of the observed causal relations to learn more about the temporal nature of the changing SMBH/galaxy evolutionary directions. We conducted experiments with the NIHAO suite of cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations to follow the evolution of individual galaxies along with their central SMBH masses ($M_\unicode{x25CF}$) and properties, including central stellar velocity dispersion ($σ_0$). We reproduce the causal results from real galaxies, but add clarity by observing that the SMBH/galaxy causal directions are noticeably inverted between the epochs before and after the peak of star formation. The implications for causal reversal of the $M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$ relation portend larger concerns about the reliability of SMBH masses estimated at high redshifts and presumptions of overmassive black holes at early epochs. Toward this problem, we apply updated causally-informed scaling relations that predict high-$z$ black hole masses that are approximately two orders of magnitude less massive, and thus not overmassive with respect to local $z=0$ SMBH$\unicode{x2013}$galaxy mass ratios.
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