push0: 可扩展且容错的零知识证明生成编排系统
push0: Scalable and Fault-Tolerant Orchestration for Zero-Knowledge Proof Generation
AI总结：
push0是一种可扩展且容错的零知识证明生成编排系统，通过解耦证明者二进制与调度基础设施，实现了高效的区块顺序证明和并行处理，显著降低了编排开销并提升了容错能力。
摘要：
零知识证明生成对区块链系统提出了严格的时间和可靠性要求。对于ZK-rollups，延迟的证明会导致最终性滞后和经济损失；对于以太坊新兴的L1 zkEVM，证明必须在12秒的槽窗口内完成，以便实现无状态验证。以太坊基金会的Ethproofs计划协调多个独立的zkVMs在证明集群中实现实时区块证明，但目前没有系统性的编排框架能够解决联合挑战：（i）严格的链头顺序、（ii）子槽延迟上限、（iii）容错任务重新分配、（iv）与证明者无关的工作流组合。我们提出了push0，一个云原生的证明编排系统，将证明者二进制文件与调度基础设施解耦。push0采用基于事件的调度器-收集器架构，利用持久化优先队列，强制执行区块顺序证明的同时利用区块内并行性。我们从生产ZK-rollup操作和以太坊实时证明规范中提取了需求，然后通过生产Kubernetes集群实验证明，push0在32个调度器的情况下实现了5毫秒的中位编排开销，缩放效率为99%-100%，对于现实工作负载，开销可忽略（小于0.1%）相对于典型的7秒以上的证明计算时间。受控Docker实验验证了这些结果，当网络方差被消除时，性能表现相当（3-10毫秒P50）。在Zircuit zkrollup（自2025年3月以来已有1400万主网区块）上的生产部署为这些受控实验提供了生态有效性。我们的设计使异构zkVMs的无缝集成成为可能，支持通过消息持久性实现的自动任务恢复，并为集中式rollup运营商和去中心化多证明者网络提供了必要的调度原语。
英文摘要：
Zero-knowledge proof generation imposes stringent timing and reliability constraints on blockchain systems. For ZK-rollups, delayed proofs cause finality lag and economic loss; for Ethereum's emerging L1 zkEVM, proofs must complete within the 12-second slot window to enable stateless validation. The Ethereum Foundation's Ethproofs initiative coordinates multiple independent zkVMs across proving clusters to achieve real-time block proving, yet no principled orchestration framework addresses the joint challenges of (i) strict head-of-chain ordering, (ii) sub-slot latency bounds, (iii) fault-tolerant task reassignment, and (iv) prover-agnostic workflow composition. We present push0, a cloud-native proof orchestration system that decouples prover binaries from scheduling infrastructure. push0 employs an event-driven dispatcher--collector architecture over persistent priority queues, enforcing block-sequential proving while exploiting intra-block parallelism. We formalize requirements drawn from production ZK-rollup operations and the Ethereum real-time proving specification, then demonstrate via production Kubernetes cluster experiments that push0 achieves 5 ms median orchestration overhead with 99--100% scaling efficiency at 32 dispatchers for realistic workloads--overhead negligible (less than 0.1%) relative to typical proof computation times of 7+ seconds. Controlled Docker experiments validate these results, showing comparable performance (3--10 ms P50) when network variance is eliminated. Production deployment on the Zircuit zkrollup (14+ million mainnet blocks since March 2025) provides ecological validity for these controlled experiments. Our design enables seamless integration of heterogeneous zkVMs, supports automatic task recovery via message persistence, and provides the scheduling primitives necessary for both centralized rollup operators and decentralized multi-prover networks.
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