不同吸入途径对患者特异性气道中气管流结构的影响：使用3D PTV
Influence of the Inhalation Route on Tracheal Flow Structures in Patient-Specific Airways using 3D PTV
AI总结：
本研究通过3D PTV技术分析不同吸入途径对气管流动结构的影响，发现鼻腔和口腔的存在显著改变流动场，但口腔和鼻腔吸入的流动结构几乎相同，表明吸入途径影响较小。
摘要：
气管流动场决定了颗粒向下呼吸道的输运，从而影响吸入病原体的扩散和基于气溶胶的治疗效果。因此，确定不同吸入途径如何修改流动场对于理解下呼吸道疾病传播以及指导靶向药物输送至关重要。为了深入了解吸入途径对人类气管中流动结构的影响，研究者在非顺应性、折射率匹配的硅胶模型中对气管流动场进行了体外研究。研究包括稳态吸入和振荡流以模拟平静呼吸。通过基于最大体积流量下的体积速度和气管水力直径的两个雷诺数Re_Tr=[400,1200]，以及两个沃默斯利数Wo=[3,4.5]的正弦波形来近似真实的呼吸模式。为了捕捉流动场本质上三维和不对称的性质，使用Shake-The-Box算法进行3D粒子追踪测速测量。使用折射率匹配的流体（水和甘油的混合物），可以完全解析气管内的复杂流动结构。PTV测量证实，在分析下呼吸道的流动场时必须考虑鼻腔和/或口腔腔体。特别是，我们发现同时存在两个腔体会显著改变流动场，与理想化的完全发展流入条件相比。然而，气管的矢状面和冠状面中的速度剖面以及速度大小归一化轮廓图显示，口腔和鼻腔吸入的流动结构几乎相同，表明吸入途径的影响极小。
英文摘要：
The tracheal flow field shapes particle transport into the lower airways and thus influences both the spread of inhaled pathogens and the effectiveness of aerosol-based therapies. Identifying how different inhalation routes modify the flow field is therefore crucial for understanding lower-airway disease transmission and for guiding targeted drug delivery. To gain a detailed understanding of the influence of the inhalation route on the flow structures in the human trachea, the flow field in the trachea is investigated in vitro in a non-compliant, refractive-index matched silicone model of the human respiratory tract. The investigations comprise steady inhalation, and oscillatory flow to simulate calm breathing. A realistic breathing pattern is approximated by a sinusoidal waveform for two Reynolds numbers of $Re_{Tr} = [400, 1200]$, based on the bulk velocity at maximum volume flux and the hydraulic diameter of the trachea and two Womersley numbers of $Wo = [3, 4.5]$, representing the oscillation time scales. To capture the inherently three-dimensional and asymmetric nature of the flow field, 3D particle-tracking velocimetry measurements are performed using the Shake-The-Box algorithm. Using a refractive-index matched fluid consisting of water and glycerin, the complex flow structures inside the trachea are fully resolved. The PTV measurements confirm that the nasal and/or oral cavity must be considered when analyzing the flow field in the lower respiratory tract. In particular, we find that the presence of both cavities significantly alters the flow field compared to idealised, fully developed inflow conditions. However, velocity profiles in the sagittal and coronal plane in the trachea as well as contour plots of the of the normalized velocity magnitude evidence nearly identical flow structures for oral and nasal inhalation, indicating minimal influence of the inhalation route.
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