Ward-Takahashi恒等式与开放量子系统的规范不变响应理论
Ward-Takahashi Identity and Gauge-Invariant Response Theory for Open Quantum Systems
AI总结：
本文推导了开放量子系统的Ward-Takahashi恒等式，并提出了一种规范不变响应理论，展示了粒子数守恒并非必要，并揭示了低能集体模的形成机制。
摘要：
我们推导了Ward-Takahashi恒等式，并建立了适用于由Lindbladians描述的开放量子系统的规范不变响应理论，以证明粒子数守恒并非必要以满足规范不变性。我们构建了一个可观测量，可用于在没有粒子数守恒的情况下检验规范不变性。我们推导了由于开放量子系统中的规范不变性而出现的低能集体模，并发现两体损失会在耗散的巴丁-库珀-施里弗（BCS）超导性中诱导扩散模。还讨论了测试开放量子系统中规范不变性的可能实验情况。
英文摘要：
We derive the Ward-Takahashi identity and establish the gauge-invariant response theory for open quantum systems described by Lindbladians to show that particle-number conservation is not necessary to satisfy gauge invariance. We construct an observable which can be used to test the gauge invariance in the absence of particle-number conservation. We derive the low-energy collective modes that emerge as a consequence of gauge invariance in open quantum systems, and find that two-body loss induces diffusive modes in dissipative Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity. Possible experimental situations for testing gauge invariance in open quantum systems are also discussed.
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