流浪黑洞的 demographics powering off-核潮汐破坏事件
Demographics of Wandering Black Holes Powering Off-Nuclear Tidal Disruption Events
AI总结：
研究通过模拟和观测数据揭示了流浪黑洞驱动off-核潮汐破坏事件的分布特征及形成机制。
摘要：
最近发现三个 off-核潮汐破坏事件（EP240222a、AT2024tvd 和 AT2025abcr）- 在第一个此类源 3XMM J2150$-$05 之后 - 揭示了一个小但稳健的 off-核，或 '流浪' 黑洞（WBHs）群体，其质量 $M_\bullet > 10^4 M_\odot$。两个人口趋势已经很明显：（i）所有事件发生在具有恒星质量 $10.8 \lesssim \log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot) \lesssim 11.1$ 的大质量早期型母星系中；（ii）在更大的暗物质晕中心半径（$R_{\rm TDE}/R_{200}$）的事件与矮星系（$M_\star \sim 10^7 M_\odot$）相关，而那些更靠近暗物质晕中心的事件缺乏检测到的恒星对应物。利用 \texttt{ROMULUS} 宇宙学模拟的结果，我们表明这两个趋势自然地从分层星系形成中产生。通过将模拟与对本地星系人口的实证约束相结合，我们计算了 WBHs 的体积密度 $ϕ_{\rm WBH}(M_\star)$，发现其峰值在 $\log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot)=11.10^{+0.05}_{-0.10}$，并且本地宇宙中超过一半的 WBHs 位于 $10.7 \lesssim \log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot) \lesssim 11.2$ 的星系中，解释了（i）并预测其持续存在。我们进一步表明 ii），即观测到的恒星对应物与 $R_{\rm TDE}/R_{200}$ 之间的联系，也来自潮汐剥离。这些结果表明，off-核 TDEs 由宇宙学模拟长期预测的 WBHs 所驱动。
英文摘要：
The recent discovery of three off-nuclear tidal disruption events (EP240222a, AT2024tvd, and AT2025abcr) - following the first such source, 3XMM J2150$-$05 - reveals a small but robust population of off-nuclear, or `wandering', black holes (WBHs) with masses $M_\bullet > 10^4 M_\odot$. Two demographic trends are already apparent: (i) all events occur in massive, early-type parent galaxies with stellar masses $10.8 \lesssim \log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot) \lesssim 11.1$; and (ii) events at larger halo-centric radii ($R_{\rm TDE}/R_{200}$) are associated with dwarf satellites ($M_\star \sim 10^7 M_\odot$), while those closer to halo centers lack detected stellar counterparts. Using results from the \texttt{ROMULUS} cosmological simulation, we show that both trends naturally arise from hierarchical galaxy formation. By combining the simulation with empirical constraints on the local galaxy population, we compute the volumetric density of WBHs, $ϕ_{\rm WBH}(M_\star)$, finding that it peaks at $\log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot)=11.10^{+0.05}_{-0.10}$ and that more than half of all WBHs in the local Universe reside in galaxies with $10.7 \lesssim \log_{10}(M_\star/M_\odot) \lesssim 11.2$, explaining (i) and predicting its persistence as the sample grows. We further show that ii), i.e., the observed link between detection of stellar counterparts and $R_{\rm TDE}/R_{200}$, is also expected from tidal stripping. These results demonstrate that off-nuclear TDEs are powered by the population of WBHs long predicted by cosmological simulations.
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