基于交换Pauli字符串的量子程序测试方法
Search-Based Quantum Program Testing via Commuting Pauli String
AI总结：
SB-QOPS通过交换Pauli字符串提出了一种基于搜索的量子程序测试方法，有效提高了测试效率并实现了高故障检测率。
摘要：
量子软件测试对于可靠量子软件工程至关重要。尽管近年来有所进展，但现有量子软件测试方法依赖于简单的测试输入和统计或acles，昂贵的程序规范，以及在真实量子计算机上的有限验证。为解决这些挑战，我们提出了SB-QOPS，一种基于交换Pauli字符串的量子程序测试方法。SB-QOPS作为对先前提出的QOPS方法的直接扩展，将测试用例定义为Pauli字符串，并引入了一个以测量为中心的或acles，利用其交换性质，从而在减少对完整程序规范需求的同时，有效测试量子程序。通过系统地探索搜索空间，利用期望值为基础的适应度函数，SB-QOPS提高了测试预算的利用效率，并增加了发现微妙故障的可能性。我们对包含最多29个量子比特的量子电路在真实量子计算机和模拟器上进行了大规模实证评估。我们评估了三种搜索策略：遗传算法、梯度上升和(1+1)进化算法，并在模拟和真实嘈杂条件下评估SB-QOPS。实验覆盖了三个量子计算平台：IBM、IQM和Quantinuum。结果表明，SB-QOPS显著优于QOPS，实现了29个量子比特电路的100%故障检测分数，并展示了在量子平台上的可移植性。
英文摘要：
Quantum software testing is important for reliable quantum software engineering. Despite recent advances, existing quantum software testing approaches rely on simple test inputs and statistical oracles, costly program specifications, and limited validation on real quantum computers. To address these challenges, we propose SB-QOPS, a search-based quantum program testing approach via commuting Pauli strings. SB-QOPS, as a direct extension to a previously proposed QOPS approach, redefines test cases in terms of Pauli strings and introduces a measurement-centric oracle that exploits their commutation properties, enabling effective testing of quantum programs while reducing the need for full program specifications. By systematically exploring the search space through an expectation-value-based fitness function, SB-QOPS improves test budget utilization and increases the likelihood of uncovering subtle faults. We conduct a large-scale empirical evaluation on quantum circuits of up to 29 qubits on real quantum computers and emulators. We assess three search strategies: Genetic Algorithm, Hill Climbing, and the (1+1) Evolutionary Algorithm, and evaluate SB-QOPS under both simulated and real noisy conditions. Experiments span three quantum computing platforms: IBM, IQM, and Quantinuum. Results show that SB-QOPS significantly outperforms QOPS, achieving a fault-detection score of 100% for circuits up to 29 qubits, and demonstrating portability across quantum platforms.
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