非平衡条件下的量子热力学
Thermodynamics Beyond Equilibrium in Coherent Quantum Systems
AI总结：
本文提出非平衡量子热力学框架，通过结合量子相干性理论与热力学定律，揭示了熵平衡关系及非平衡条件下热力学熵的定义，阐明了量子相干性在热力学中的核心作用。
摘要：
在量子尺度上远离平衡态的热力学理解仍是一个根本性挑战，尤其是在存在量子相干性的情况下。本文开发了一个基于原理的非平衡量子热力学框架，通过将量子资源理论中的相干性理论与热力学定律相结合。我们推导出一个此前未被探索的熵平衡关系，明确区分了由于热交换引起的熵流和由于量子相干性丧失引起的熵产生。这种表述将非平衡量子过程中的适当热力学熵定义为与能量测量相关的能量熵，证明了von Neumann熵通常不表示远离平衡的热力学熵。在该框架下，动态温度、自由能、功和热量被一致地定义，且在非平衡条件下第一和第二定律均被证明成立。将该理论应用于一个可解的开放量子系统，我们揭示了在弱耦合极限下如何动态地出现平衡热力学。我们的结果为非平衡量子热力学建立了统一且可操作的基础，并澄清了量子相干性在热力学中的基本作用。
英文摘要：
A central open question in quantum thermodynamics is the identification of thermodynamic entropy away from equilibrium. Although thermodynamic entropy coincides with the von Neumann entropy for a Gibbs state at equilibrium, the thermodynamic role of quantum coherence generated during nonequilibrium evolution remains unclear. Here, we show that von Neumann entropy does not, in general, represent the thermodynamic entropy governing heat exchange in coherent nonequilibrium quantum systems. By integrating the resource theory of quantum coherence with thermodynamic principles, we develop a general framework for nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics. We identify thermodynamic entropy with the energy entropy derived from energy-measurement statistics and introduce a dynamical temperature extending the equilibrium concept to nonequilibrium states. Consequently, we obtain an exact entropy-balance relation separating the entropy flux associated with heat exchange from the coherence-loss contribution to entropy production, establishing an operational connection between quantum coherence, heat flow, and total entropy change. Unlike approaches relying on equilibrium reference states or stationary Gibbs ensembles, our framework uses instantaneous dynamical quantities and remains valid throughout transient nonequilibrium evolution. It provides consistent dynamical definitions of temperature, work, heat, and free energy. Applying the formalism to an exactly solvable open quantum system, we show that the first and second laws hold throughout transient evolution and that equilibrium thermodynamics emerges dynamically in the weak-coupling long-time limit. Our results establish a unified framework for coherent nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics and suggest opportunities for controlling heat dissipation through coherence engineering in quantum thermal technologies.
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