超出捕获的致密星暗物质加热：粒子束能量沉积的相对论框架
Dark Matter Heating of Compact Stars Beyond Capture: A Relativistic Framework for Energy Deposition by Particle Beams
AI总结：
提出一个广义相对论框架，用于计算定向粒子束在致密星（如中子星和白矮星）中的能量沉积，并应用于耀变体产生的增强暗物质束，评估其加热效应。
摘要：
致密天体物理对象，如中子星和白矮星，可以作为来自天体物理加速器的高能粒子通量的探测器。虽然大多数现有的捕获和加热计算假设来自晕暗物质的各向同性极低能入射通量，但许多实际源产生高度定向的束流或喷流，对于这些情况，引力聚焦、轨迹多重性和局部能量沉积必须一致处理。在这项工作中，我们发展了一个广义相对论形式，用于计算作为定向束流到达致密星的粒子的局部密度、捕获概率和能量沉积。该框架基于通过测地线同余将渐近粒子通量映射到局部密度，允许以统一方式纳入引力聚焦、多流区域和光学深度效应。该形式适用于任意粒子种类和相互作用模型，并以框架一致的方式将捕获与穿透能量沉积分开。作为一个明确的应用，我们考虑在天体物理喷流中产生的相对论性粒子束，并评估它们与两个致密星样本（一颗白矮星和一颗中子星）的相互作用。特别地，我们使用来自324个耀变体列表中的增强暗物质作为代表性案例研究来说明该框架，计算所选恒星中的结果通量和相关加热。讨论了其他情况，如相互作用屋顶和几何极限，强调了致密星可以有效将入射束能量转化为可观测加热的条件。
英文摘要：
Compact astrophysical objects, such as neutron stars and white dwarfs, can act as detectors of energetic particle fluxes originating from astrophysical accelerators. While most existing capture and heating calculations assume isotropic very low energetic incident fluxes from the halo dark matter, many realistic sources produce highly directional beams or jets, for which gravitational focusing, trajectory multiplicity, and local energy deposition must be treated consistently. In this work, we develop a general relativistic formalism to compute the local density, capture probability, and energy deposition of particles arriving as directed beams onto compact objects. The framework is based on the mapping of an asymptotic particle flux to local densities through geodesic congruences, allowing for gravitational focusing, multi-stream regions, and optical depth effects to be incorporated in a unified way. The formalism applies to arbitrary particle species and interaction models, and separates capture from through-going energy deposition in a frame-consistent manner. As an explicit application, we consider relativistic particle beams generated in astrophysical jets and evaluate their interaction with two compact objects samples: a white dwarf and a neutron star. In particular, we illustrate the framework using boosted dark matter produced in a list of 324 blazars as a representative case study, computing the resulting fluxes and the associated heating in the selected stars. Additional regimes such as the interaction roof and geometric limit are discussed, highlighting the conditions under which compact objects can efficiently convert incident beam energy into observable heating.
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