XGAP with uGMRT I: merging galaxy groups 中的旧 AGN 等离子体
XGAP with uGMRT I: Old AGN plasma in merging galaxy groups
AI总结：
XGAP 项目通过多波段观测研究 merging galaxy groups 中的 AGN 等离子体，揭示不同阶段的 AGN 活动与合并过程的关系。
摘要：
星团受到中心活跃星系核喷流的影响，因为其引力势较弱 compared to galaxy clusters。星团束缚能与 AGN 的能量输出相当，是相互演化的重要因素。我们对三个动态活跃的星团：SDSSTG8102、SDSSTG16393 和 SDSSTG28674 进行多波段分析，这些星团属于 XMM-Newton Group AGN 项目 X-GAP 样本，是一个统计上完整的 49 个星团样本。我们结合 uGMRT 400 MHz 观测与 144 MHz LOFAR 和 XMM-Newton 观测，研究与最亮星团星（BGGs）相关的无线电源。SDSSTG8102 和 SDSSTG16393 的 BGGs 有扩展的无线电发射，其形态有不对称的扭曲。SDSSTG28674 有一个紧凑的平坦谱无线电源与 BGG 相关联，并有一个扩展的lobes 在一侧，通过 LOFAR 检测到一个微弱的桥。三个 BGGs 的积分谱指数分别为 -0.96±0.09（SDSSTG8102）、-1.35±0.09（SDSSTG16393）和 -1.6±0.02（SDSSTG28674）。X射线图像揭示了所有三个星团的拉长形态，SDSSTG28674 显示出二元合并的证据，而热力学图突出温度变化。在 SDSSTG8102 中，lobes 被 IGrM 流弯曲并位移，而在 SDSSTG16393 中，有一个陡谱 relic-like 等离子体与 X射线发射重合。SDSSTG28674 有超陡谱 lobes 和扰动形态，很可能追踪合并驱动的活动，与残余或复活的无线电 phoenix 一致。这些系统的谱多样性反映了不同阶段的 AGN 暗淡，由 duty cycle、源年龄和被热 IGrM 约束所决定。
英文摘要：
Galaxy groups are affected by outflows from central Active Galactic Nuclei due to the shallower gravitational potential compared to galaxy clusters. The group binding energy is comparable to the energy output from AGN, making it an important factor in mutual evolution. We present a multi-wavelength analysis of three dynamically active groups: SDSSTG8102, SDSSTG16393, and SDSSTG28674, which are part of the XMM-Newton Group AGN Project X-GAP sample, a statistically complete sample of 49 galaxy groups. We combine uGMRT 400 MHz observations with 144 MHz LOFAR and XMM-Newton observations to study the radio sources associated with the Brightest Group Galaxies (BGGs). The BGGs in SDSSTG8102 and SDSSTG16393 have extended radio emission with asymmetric distortions in their morphologies. SDSSTG28674 has a compact flat-spectrum radio source associated with the BGG and an extended lobe on one side, connected by a faint bridge detected with LOFAR. Integrated spectral indices of the three BGGs are $-0.96\pm0.09$ (SDSSTG8102), $-1.35\pm0.09$ (SDSSTG16393), and $-1.6\pm0.02$ (SDSSTG28674). X-ray images reveal elongated morphologies in all three groups, with SDSSTG28674 showing evidence of a binary merger, while thermodynamical maps highlight temperature variations. In SDSSTG8102, lobes are bent and displaced by IGrM flows, while SDSSTG16393 hosts steep-spectrum relic-like plasma coinciding with X-ray emission. SDSSTG28674, with its ultra-steep spectrum lobe and disturbed morphology, likely traces merger-driven activity, consistent with a remnant or revived radio phoenix. The spectral diversity across the systems reflects different stages of AGN fading governed by duty cycle, source age, and confinement by the hot IGrM.
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